Merge pull request #1940 from tannewt/dirty_area

 Add partial display update support.

61 files changed, 1222 insertions, 427 deletions

diff --git a/frozen/Adafruit_CircuitPython_BusDevice b/frozen/Adafruit_CircuitPython_BusDevice
-Subproject 6b3402965999d068316882d63fae3ab26006477
+Subproject b9280af5142fc41639229544678e23b5cca07c3
diff --git a/locale/ID.po b/locale/ID.po
index e9d26e2a6..c1760e6b4 100644
--- a/locale/ID.po
+++ b/locale/ID.po
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
@@ -857,6 +857,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr "LHS dari keyword arg harus menjadi sebuah id"
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr ""
 
diff --git a/locale/circuitpython.pot b/locale/circuitpython.pot
index ed58d75f0..d32502e18 100644
--- a/locale/circuitpython.pot
+++ b/locale/circuitpython.pot
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 16:00-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-12 00:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
@@ -832,6 +832,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr ""
 
diff --git a/locale/de_DE.po b/locale/de_DE.po
index 936aaffa2..2bdaaf712 100644
--- a/locale/de_DE.po
+++ b/locale/de_DE.po
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: \n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-07-27 11:55-0700\n"
 "Last-Translator: Pascal Deneaux\n"
 "Language-Team: Sebastian Plamauer, Pascal Deneaux\n"
@@ -838,6 +838,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr "LHS des Schlüsselwortarguments muss eine id sein"
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr "Layer muss eine Group- oder TileGrid-Unterklasse sein."
 
diff --git a/locale/en_US.po b/locale/en_US.po
index cea074190..152ece432 100644
--- a/locale/en_US.po
+++ b/locale/en_US.po
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: \n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-07-27 11:55-0700\n"
 "Last-Translator: \n"
 "Language-Team: \n"
@@ -832,6 +832,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr ""
 
diff --git a/locale/en_x_pirate.po b/locale/en_x_pirate.po
index 6889c29b7..d91dc95ca 100644
--- a/locale/en_x_pirate.po
+++ b/locale/en_x_pirate.po
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: \n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-07-27 11:55-0700\n"
 "Last-Translator: \n"
 "Language-Team: @sommersoft, @MrCertainly\n"
@@ -836,6 +836,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr ""
 
diff --git a/locale/es.po b/locale/es.po
index f7f1ea0c4..d954d574c 100644
--- a/locale/es.po
+++ b/locale/es.po
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: \n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-08-24 22:56-0500\n"
 "Last-Translator: \n"
 "Language-Team: \n"
@@ -867,6 +867,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr "LHS del agumento por palabra clave deberia ser un identificador"
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr "Layer debe ser una subclase de Group o TileGrid."
 
diff --git a/locale/fil.po b/locale/fil.po
index 73e6e79e7..b6ad3643c 100644
--- a/locale/fil.po
+++ b/locale/fil.po
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: \n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-12-20 22:15-0800\n"
 "Last-Translator: Timothy <me@timothygarcia.ca>\n"
 "Language-Team: fil\n"
@@ -862,6 +862,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr "LHS ng keyword arg ay dapat na id"
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr ""
 
diff --git a/locale/fr.po b/locale/fr.po
index 0362e1c49..6fd6e9015 100644
--- a/locale/fr.po
+++ b/locale/fr.po
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: 0.1\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2019-04-14 20:05+0100\n"
 "Last-Translator: Pierrick Couturier <arofarn@arofarn.info>\n"
 "Language-Team: fr\n"
@@ -870,6 +870,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr "La partie gauche de l'argument nommé doit être un identifiant"
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr "'Layer' doit être un 'Group' ou une sous-classe 'TileGrid'."
 
diff --git a/locale/it_IT.po b/locale/it_IT.po
index 760f00423..d89d4ae07 100644
--- a/locale/it_IT.po
+++ b/locale/it_IT.po
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-10-02 16:27+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Enrico Paganin <enrico.paganin@mail.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: \n"
@@ -864,6 +864,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr "Layer deve essere un Group o TileGrid subclass"
 
diff --git a/locale/pl.po b/locale/pl.po
index 10752c703..e7dc248be 100644
--- a/locale/pl.po
+++ b/locale/pl.po
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: \n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2019-03-19 18:37-0700\n"
 "Last-Translator: Radomir Dopieralski <circuitpython@sheep.art.pl>\n"
 "Language-Team: pl\n"
@@ -837,6 +837,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr "Lewa strona argumentu nazwanego musi być nazwą"
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr "Layer musi dziedziczyć z Group albo TileGrid"
 
diff --git a/locale/pt_BR.po b/locale/pt_BR.po
index e2b13cbd3..f08619187 100644
--- a/locale/pt_BR.po
+++ b/locale/pt_BR.po
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-10-02 21:14-0000\n"
 "Last-Translator: \n"
 "Language-Team: \n"
@@ -855,6 +855,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr ""
 
diff --git a/locale/zh_Latn_pinyin.po b/locale/zh_Latn_pinyin.po
index dbc87115b..dd61f1362 100644
--- a/locale/zh_Latn_pinyin.po
+++ b/locale/zh_Latn_pinyin.po
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: circuitpython-cn\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-05-22 15:56-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-06-11 14:59-0700\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2019-04-13 10:10-0700\n"
 "Last-Translator: hexthat\n"
 "Language-Team: Chinese Hanyu Pinyin\n"
@@ -838,6 +838,10 @@ msgid "LHS of keyword arg must be an id"
 msgstr "Guānjiàn zì arg de LHS bìxū shì id"
 
 #: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+msgid "Layer already in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shared-module/displayio/Group.c
 msgid "Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."
 msgstr "Layer bìxū shì Group huò TileGrid zi lèi."
 
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/Makefile b/ports/atmel-samd/Makefile
index 1df782dab..8e3fe9460 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/Makefile
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/Makefile
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(DEBUG), 1)
   CFLAGS += -ggdb
   # You may want to disable -flto if it interferes with debugging.
-  CFLAGS += -flto
+  CFLAGS += -flto -flto-partition=none
   # You may want to enable these flags to make setting breakpoints easier.
   # CFLAGS += -fno-inline -fno-ipa-sra
   ifeq ($(CHIP_FAMILY), samd21)
@@ -122,8 +122,7 @@ else
   ifdef CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT
     CFLAGS += -finline-limit=$(CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT)
   endif
-
-  CFLAGS += -flto
+  CFLAGS += -flto -flto-partition=none
 endif
 
 CFLAGS += $(INC) -Wall -Werror -std=gnu11 -nostdlib $(BASE_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS_MOD) $(COPT)
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index 5e321bd3d..756c293ad 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "S25FL216K, GD25Q16C"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
+SUPEROPT_GC = 0
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index bcf3ff655..e427e9430 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "W25Q16FW, GD25Q16C"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
+SUPEROPT_GC = 0
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/metro_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/metro_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index cedee7ef0..93a8ffc11 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/metro_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/metro_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "S25FL216K, GD25Q16C"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
+SUPEROPT_GC = 0
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge/board.c
index 2b0e334fa..64fb8e852 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge/board.c
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ void board_init(void) {
     display->base.type = &displayio_display_type;
     common_hal_displayio_display_construct(display,
         bus,
-        160, // Width
-        128, // Height
+        160, // Width (after rotation)
+        128, // Height (after rotation)
         0, // column start
         0, // row start
         270, // rotation
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/sparkfun_redboard_turbo/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/sparkfun_redboard_turbo/mpconfigboard.mk
index ef6cf8924..3be1a17d3 100755
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/sparkfun_redboard_turbo/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/sparkfun_redboard_turbo/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "W25Q32FV"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
+SUPEROPT_GC = 0
diff --git a/shared-bindings/_pew/PewPew.c b/shared-bindings/_pew/PewPew.c
index d7ae0116d..3ff208761 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/_pew/PewPew.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/_pew/PewPew.c
@@ -96,8 +96,9 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t pewpew_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_args,
             mp_raise_TypeError(translate("Row entry must be digitalio.DigitalInOut"));
         }
         digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *pin = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(rows[i]);
-        raise_error_if_deinited(
-            common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(pin));
+        if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(pin)) {
+            raise_deinited_error();
+        }
     }
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < cols_size; ++i) {
@@ -105,8 +106,9 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t pewpew_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_args,
             mp_raise_TypeError(translate("Column entry must be digitalio.DigitalInOut"));
         }
         digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *pin = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(cols[i]);
-        raise_error_if_deinited(
-            common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(pin));
+        if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(pin)) {
+            raise_deinited_error();
+        }
     }
 
     if (!MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(args[ARG_buttons].u_obj,
@@ -115,8 +117,9 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t pewpew_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_args,
     }
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *buttons = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(
             args[ARG_buttons].u_obj);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(
-        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(buttons));
+    if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(buttons)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
 
     pew_obj_t *pew = MP_STATE_VM(pew_singleton);
     if (!pew) {
diff --git a/shared-bindings/analogio/AnalogIn.c b/shared-bindings/analogio/AnalogIn.c
index 116f82a03..a8bbbf59a 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/analogio/AnalogIn.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/analogio/AnalogIn.c
@@ -86,6 +86,11 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t analogio_analogin_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(analogio_analogin_deinit_obj, analogio_analogin_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(analogio_analogin_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_analogio_analogin_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(analogio_analogin___exit___obj, 4, 4,
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t analogio_analogin_obj_get_value(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     analogio_analogin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_analogio_analogin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_analogio_analogin_get_value(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(analogio_analogin_get_value_obj, analogio_analogin_obj_get_value);
@@ -132,7 +137,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t analogio_analogin_value_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t analogio_analogin_obj_get_reference_voltage(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     analogio_analogin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_analogio_analogin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_float(common_hal_analogio_analogin_get_reference_voltage(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(analogio_analogin_get_reference_voltage_obj,
diff --git a/shared-bindings/analogio/AnalogOut.c b/shared-bindings/analogio/AnalogOut.c
index dcbd7ecfb..0816da465 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/analogio/AnalogOut.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/analogio/AnalogOut.c
@@ -112,7 +112,9 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(analogio_analogout___exit___obj, 4, 4
 //|     resolution, the value is 16-bit.
 STATIC mp_obj_t analogio_analogout_obj_set_value(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t value) {
    analogio_analogout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-   raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_analogio_analogout_deinited(self));
+   if (common_hal_analogio_analogout_deinited(self)) {
+       raise_deinited_error();
+   }
    uint32_t v = mp_obj_get_int(value);
    if (v >= (1 << 16)) {
        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("AnalogOut is only 16 bits. Value must be less than 65536."));
diff --git a/shared-bindings/audiobusio/I2SOut.c b/shared-bindings/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
index 48424d073..980f11392 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
@@ -134,6 +134,11 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_i2sout_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audiobusio_i2sout_deinit_obj, audiobusio_i2sout_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(audiobusio_i2sout_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -169,7 +174,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_i2sout_obj_play(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_ar
         { MP_QSTR_loop,      MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
     };
     audiobusio_i2sout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
@@ -186,7 +191,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(audiobusio_i2sout_play_obj, 1, audiobusio_i2sout_obj_
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_i2sout_obj_stop(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audiobusio_i2sout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_stop(self);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
@@ -198,7 +203,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audiobusio_i2sout_stop_obj, audiobusio_i2sout_obj_stop
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_i2sout_obj_get_playing(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audiobusio_i2sout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_get_playing(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audiobusio_i2sout_get_playing_obj, audiobusio_i2sout_obj_get_playing);
@@ -216,7 +221,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t audiobusio_i2sout_playing_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_i2sout_obj_pause(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audiobusio_i2sout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     if (!common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_get_playing(self)) {
         mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("Not playing"));
@@ -232,7 +237,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audiobusio_i2sout_pause_obj, audiobusio_i2sout_obj_pau
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_i2sout_obj_resume(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audiobusio_i2sout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     if (common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_get_paused(self)) {
         common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_resume(self);
@@ -248,7 +253,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audiobusio_i2sout_resume_obj, audiobusio_i2sout_obj_re
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_i2sout_obj_get_paused(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audiobusio_i2sout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_audiobusio_i2sout_get_paused(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audiobusio_i2sout_get_paused_obj, audiobusio_i2sout_obj_get_paused);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/audiobusio/PDMIn.c b/shared-bindings/audiobusio/PDMIn.c
index 0f19e2587..0c92c2478 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/audiobusio/PDMIn.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/audiobusio/PDMIn.c
@@ -156,6 +156,11 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_pdmin_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audiobusio_pdmin_deinit_obj, audiobusio_pdmin_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(audiobusio_pdmin_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_audiobusio_pdmin_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -188,7 +193,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(audiobusio_pdmin___exit___obj, 4, 4,
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_pdmin_obj_record(mp_obj_t self_obj, mp_obj_t destination, mp_obj_t destination_length) {
     audiobusio_pdmin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_obj);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audiobusio_pdmin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     if (!MP_OBJ_IS_SMALL_INT(destination_length) || MP_OBJ_SMALL_INT_VALUE(destination_length) < 0) {
         mp_raise_TypeError(translate("destination_length must be an int >= 0"));
     }
@@ -223,7 +228,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_3(audiobusio_pdmin_record_obj, audiobusio_pdmin_obj_reco
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audiobusio_pdmin_obj_get_sample_rate(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audiobusio_pdmin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audiobusio_pdmin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_audiobusio_pdmin_get_sample_rate(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audiobusio_pdmin_get_sample_rate_obj, audiobusio_pdmin_obj_get_sample_rate);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/audioio/AudioOut.c b/shared-bindings/audioio/AudioOut.c
index 9cb98d1f8..571dcdaca 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/audioio/AudioOut.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/audioio/AudioOut.c
@@ -133,6 +133,11 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_audioout_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_audioout_deinit_obj, audioio_audioout_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(audioio_audioout_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_audioio_audioout_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -170,7 +175,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_audioout_obj_play(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_arg
         { MP_QSTR_loop,      MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
     };
     audioio_audioout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_audioout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
@@ -187,7 +192,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(audioio_audioout_play_obj, 1, audioio_audioout_obj_pl
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_audioout_obj_stop(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_audioout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_audioout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_audioio_audioout_stop(self);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
@@ -199,7 +204,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_audioout_stop_obj, audioio_audioout_obj_stop);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_audioout_obj_get_playing(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_audioout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_audioout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_audioio_audioout_get_playing(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_audioout_get_playing_obj, audioio_audioout_obj_get_playing);
@@ -217,7 +222,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t audioio_audioout_playing_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_audioout_obj_pause(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_audioout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_audioout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     if (!common_hal_audioio_audioout_get_playing(self)) {
         mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("Not playing"));
@@ -233,7 +238,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_audioout_pause_obj, audioio_audioout_obj_pause
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_audioout_obj_resume(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_audioout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_audioout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     if (common_hal_audioio_audioout_get_paused(self)) {
         common_hal_audioio_audioout_resume(self);
@@ -249,7 +254,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_audioout_resume_obj, audioio_audioout_obj_resu
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_audioout_obj_get_paused(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_audioout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_audioout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_audioio_audioout_get_paused(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_audioout_get_paused_obj, audioio_audioout_obj_get_paused);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/audioio/Mixer.c b/shared-bindings/audioio/Mixer.c
index 43ef2c524..dce4b3955 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/audioio/Mixer.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/audioio/Mixer.c
@@ -121,6 +121,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_mixer_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_mixer_deinit_obj, audioio_mixer_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(audioio_mixer_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_audioio_mixer_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -157,7 +163,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_mixer_obj_play(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args,
         { MP_QSTR_loop,      MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
     };
     audioio_mixer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_mixer_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
@@ -178,7 +184,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_mixer_obj_stop_voice(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_
         { MP_QSTR_voice, MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
     };
     audioio_mixer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_mixer_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
@@ -193,7 +199,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(audioio_mixer_stop_voice_obj, 1, audioio_mixer_obj_st
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_mixer_obj_get_playing(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_mixer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_mixer_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_audioio_mixer_get_playing(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_mixer_get_playing_obj, audioio_mixer_obj_get_playing);
@@ -211,7 +217,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t audioio_mixer_playing_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_mixer_obj_get_sample_rate(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_mixer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_mixer_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_audioio_mixer_get_sample_rate(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_mixer_get_sample_rate_obj, audioio_mixer_obj_get_sample_rate);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/audioio/RawSample.c b/shared-bindings/audioio/RawSample.c
index 7fc896449..62998f580 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/audioio/RawSample.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/audioio/RawSample.c
@@ -115,6 +115,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_rawsample_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_rawsample_deinit_obj, audioio_rawsample_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(audioio_rawsample_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_audioio_rawsample_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -142,14 +148,14 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(audioio_rawsample___exit___obj, 4, 4,
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_rawsample_obj_get_sample_rate(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_rawsample_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_rawsample_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_audioio_rawsample_get_sample_rate(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_rawsample_get_sample_rate_obj, audioio_rawsample_obj_get_sample_rate);
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_rawsample_obj_set_sample_rate(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t sample_rate) {
     audioio_rawsample_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_rawsample_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_audioio_rawsample_set_sample_rate(self, mp_obj_get_int(sample_rate));
     return mp_const_none;
 }
diff --git a/shared-bindings/audioio/WaveFile.c b/shared-bindings/audioio/WaveFile.c
index a4e37231a..242c915d3 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/audioio/WaveFile.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/audioio/WaveFile.c
@@ -92,6 +92,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_wavefile_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_wavefile_deinit_obj, audioio_wavefile_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(audioio_wavefile_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_audioio_wavefile_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -118,14 +124,14 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(audioio_wavefile___exit___obj, 4, 4,
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_wavefile_obj_get_sample_rate(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_wavefile_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_wavefile_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_audioio_wavefile_get_sample_rate(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_wavefile_get_sample_rate_obj, audioio_wavefile_obj_get_sample_rate);
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_wavefile_obj_set_sample_rate(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t sample_rate) {
     audioio_wavefile_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_wavefile_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_audioio_wavefile_set_sample_rate(self, mp_obj_get_int(sample_rate));
     return mp_const_none;
 }
@@ -144,7 +150,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t audioio_wavefile_sample_rate_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_wavefile_obj_get_bits_per_sample(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_wavefile_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_wavefile_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_audioio_wavefile_get_bits_per_sample(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_wavefile_get_bits_per_sample_obj, audioio_wavefile_obj_get_bits_per_sample);
@@ -162,7 +168,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t audioio_wavefile_bits_per_sample_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t audioio_wavefile_obj_get_channel_count(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     audioio_wavefile_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_audioio_wavefile_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_audioio_wavefile_get_channel_count(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(audioio_wavefile_get_channel_count_obj, audioio_wavefile_obj_get_channel_count);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/I2C.c b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/I2C.c
index a74f08b0b..0a3b03f51 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/I2C.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/I2C.c
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_args,
     const mcu_pin_obj_t* sda = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(args[ARG_sda].u_obj);
 
     bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self = m_new_obj(bitbangio_i2c_obj_t);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_deinited(self));
     self->base.type = &bitbangio_i2c_type;
     shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_construct(self, scl, sda, args[ARG_frequency].u_int, args[ARG_timeout].u_int);
     return (mp_obj_t)self;
@@ -86,6 +85,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_obj_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_i2c_deinit_obj, bitbangio_i2c_obj_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self) {
+    if (shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|     No-op used in Context Managers.
@@ -118,7 +123,7 @@ static void check_lock(bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self) {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_scan(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_obj_t list = mp_obj_new_list(0, NULL);
     // 7-bit addresses 0b0000xxx and 0b1111xxx are reserved
@@ -138,7 +143,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_i2c_scan_obj, bitbangio_i2c_scan);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_obj_try_lock(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_try_lock(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_i2c_try_lock_obj, bitbangio_i2c_obj_try_lock);
@@ -149,7 +154,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_i2c_try_lock_obj, bitbangio_i2c_obj_try_lock
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_obj_unlock(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_unlock(self);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
@@ -179,7 +184,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_readfrom_into(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_a
         { MP_QSTR_end,        MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
     };
     bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
     check_lock(self);
@@ -232,7 +237,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_writeto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, m
         { MP_QSTR_stop,       MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_BOOL, {.u_bool = true} },
     };
     bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/OneWire.c b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/OneWire.c
index a3c53d2a5..73bedcd8d 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/OneWire.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/OneWire.c
@@ -91,6 +91,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_onewire_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_onewire_deinit_obj, bitbangio_onewire_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(bitbangio_onewire_obj_t *self) {
+    if (shared_module_bitbangio_onewire_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -115,7 +121,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(bitbangio_onewire___exit___obj, 4, 4,
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_onewire_obj_reset(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bitbangio_onewire_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_onewire_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return mp_obj_new_bool(shared_module_bitbangio_onewire_reset(self));
 }
@@ -130,7 +136,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_onewire_reset_obj, bitbangio_onewire_obj_res
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_onewire_obj_read_bit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bitbangio_onewire_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_onewire_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return mp_obj_new_bool(shared_module_bitbangio_onewire_read_bit(self));
 }
@@ -142,7 +148,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_onewire_read_bit_obj, bitbangio_onewire_obj_
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_onewire_obj_write_bit(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t bool_obj) {
     bitbangio_onewire_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_onewire_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     shared_module_bitbangio_onewire_write_bit(self, mp_obj_is_true(bool_obj));
     return mp_const_none;
diff --git a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.c b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.c
index 9d00264cd..88bd3d6cb 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.c
@@ -95,6 +95,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_spi_obj_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_spi_deinit_obj, bitbangio_spi_obj_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(bitbangio_spi_obj_t *self) {
+    if (shared_module_bitbangio_spi_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -139,7 +145,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_spi_configure(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args,
         { MP_QSTR_bits, MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 8} },
     };
     bitbangio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
@@ -171,7 +177,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(bitbangio_spi_configure_obj, 1, bitbangio_spi_configu
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_spi_obj_try_lock(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bitbangio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(shared_module_bitbangio_spi_try_lock(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_spi_try_lock_obj, bitbangio_spi_obj_try_lock);
@@ -182,7 +188,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_spi_try_lock_obj, bitbangio_spi_obj_try_lock
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_spi_obj_unlock(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bitbangio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     shared_module_bitbangio_spi_unlock(self);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
@@ -196,7 +202,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_spi_unlock_obj, bitbangio_spi_obj_unlock);
 // TODO(tannewt): Add support for start and end kwargs.
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_spi_write(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t wr_buf) {
     bitbangio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_buffer_info_t src;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(wr_buf, &src, MP_BUFFER_READ);
     if (src.len == 0) {
@@ -221,7 +227,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(bitbangio_spi_write_obj, bitbangio_spi_write);
 // TODO(tannewt): Add support for start and end kwargs.
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_spi_readinto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *args) {
     bitbangio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(args[1], &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_WRITE);
     if (bufinfo.len == 0) {
@@ -261,7 +267,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_spi_write_readinto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_
         { MP_QSTR_in_end,        MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
     };
     bitbangio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(shared_module_bitbangio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/bleio/CharacteristicBuffer.c b/shared-bindings/bleio/CharacteristicBuffer.c
index 3604aeedb..a1dc663fd 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/bleio/CharacteristicBuffer.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/bleio/CharacteristicBuffer.c
@@ -92,6 +92,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type,
     return MP_OBJ_FROM_PTR(self);
 }
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(bleio_characteristic_buffer_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_bleio_characteristic_buffer_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 // These are standard stream methods. Code is in py/stream.c.
 //
 //|   .. method:: read(nbytes=None)
@@ -122,7 +128,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type,
 // These three methods are used by the shared stream methods.
 STATIC mp_uint_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_read(mp_obj_t self_in, void *buf_in, mp_uint_t size, int *errcode) {
     bleio_characteristic_buffer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_bleio_characteristic_buffer_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     raise_error_if_not_connected(self);
     byte *buf = buf_in;
 
@@ -141,7 +147,7 @@ STATIC mp_uint_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_write(mp_obj_t self_in, const void
 
 STATIC mp_uint_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_ioctl(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_uint_t request, mp_uint_t arg, int *errcode) {
     bleio_characteristic_buffer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_bleio_characteristic_buffer_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     raise_error_if_not_connected(self);
     if (!common_hal_bleio_characteristic_buffer_connected(self)) {
         mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Not connected"));
@@ -170,7 +176,7 @@ STATIC mp_uint_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_ioctl(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_uint_t r
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_obj_get_in_waiting(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bleio_characteristic_buffer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_bleio_characteristic_buffer_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_bleio_characteristic_buffer_rx_characters_available(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bleio_characteristic_buffer_get_in_waiting_obj, bleio_characteristic_buffer_obj_get_in_waiting);
@@ -188,7 +194,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_in_waiting_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t bleio_characteristic_buffer_obj_reset_input_buffer(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     bleio_characteristic_buffer_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_bleio_characteristic_buffer_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_bleio_characteristic_buffer_clear_rx_buffer(self);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
diff --git a/shared-bindings/busio/I2C.c b/shared-bindings/busio/I2C.c
index 1c50c07b0..0e639f0b5 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/busio/I2C.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/busio/I2C.c
@@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_obj_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_i2c_deinit_obj, busio_i2c_obj_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(busio_i2c_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_busio_i2c_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|     No-op used in Context Managers.
@@ -128,7 +134,7 @@ static void check_lock(busio_i2c_obj_t *self) {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_scan(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_obj_t list = mp_obj_new_list(0, NULL);
     // 7-bit addresses 0b0000xxx and 0b1111xxx are reserved
@@ -151,7 +157,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_i2c_scan_obj, busio_i2c_scan);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_obj_try_lock(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_busio_i2c_try_lock(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_i2c_try_lock_obj, busio_i2c_obj_try_lock);
@@ -162,7 +168,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_i2c_try_lock_obj, busio_i2c_obj_try_lock);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_obj_unlock(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_busio_i2c_unlock(self);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
@@ -192,7 +198,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_readfrom_into(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args,
         { MP_QSTR_end,        MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
     };
     busio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
@@ -245,7 +251,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_writeto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_ma
         { MP_QSTR_stop,       MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_BOOL, {.u_bool = true} },
     };
     busio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_i2c_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/busio/OneWire.c b/shared-bindings/busio/OneWire.c
index ceba4f8ee..aca2a3ef2 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/busio/OneWire.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/busio/OneWire.c
@@ -91,6 +91,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_onewire_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_onewire_deinit_obj, busio_onewire_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(busio_onewire_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_busio_onewire_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -118,7 +124,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(busio_onewire___exit___obj, 4, 4, bus
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_onewire_obj_reset(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_onewire_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_onewire_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_busio_onewire_reset(self));
 }
@@ -133,7 +139,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_onewire_reset_obj, busio_onewire_obj_reset);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_onewire_obj_read_bit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_onewire_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_onewire_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_busio_onewire_read_bit(self));
 }
@@ -145,7 +151,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_onewire_read_bit_obj, busio_onewire_obj_read_bit
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_onewire_obj_write_bit(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t bool_obj) {
     busio_onewire_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_onewire_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     common_hal_busio_onewire_write_bit(self, mp_obj_is_true(bool_obj));
     return mp_const_none;
diff --git a/shared-bindings/busio/SPI.c b/shared-bindings/busio/SPI.c
index bd788365e..a7d7d515c 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/busio/SPI.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/busio/SPI.c
@@ -124,13 +124,19 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_obj___exit__(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *args) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(busio_spi_obj___exit___obj, 4, 4, busio_spi_obj___exit__);
 
-static void check_lock(busio_spi_obj_t *self) {
+STATIC void check_lock(busio_spi_obj_t *self) {
     asm("");
     if (!common_hal_busio_spi_has_lock(self)) {
         mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("Function requires lock"));
     }
 }
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(busio_spi_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_busio_spi_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: configure(*, baudrate=100000, polarity=0, phase=0, bits=8)
 //|
 //|     Configures the SPI bus. The SPI object must be locked.
@@ -162,7 +168,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_configure(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_
         { MP_QSTR_bits, MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 8} },
     };
     busio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
@@ -197,7 +203,6 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(busio_spi_configure_obj, 1, busio_spi_configure);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_obj_try_lock(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_spi_deinited(self));
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_busio_spi_try_lock(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_spi_try_lock_obj, busio_spi_obj_try_lock);
@@ -208,7 +213,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_spi_try_lock_obj, busio_spi_obj_try_lock);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_obj_unlock(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_busio_spi_unlock(self);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
@@ -231,7 +236,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_write(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_
         { MP_QSTR_end,        MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
     };
     busio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
@@ -275,7 +280,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_readinto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_m
         { MP_QSTR_write_value,MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
     };
     busio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
@@ -324,7 +329,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_write_readinto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args
         { MP_QSTR_in_end,        MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
     };
     busio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
@@ -367,7 +372,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(busio_spi_write_readinto_obj, 2, busio_spi_write_read
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_obj_get_frequency(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_spi_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_spi_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_busio_spi_get_frequency(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_spi_get_frequency_obj, busio_spi_obj_get_frequency);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/busio/UART.c b/shared-bindings/busio/UART.c
index eeffb62ef..c7eef8c43 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/busio/UART.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/busio/UART.c
@@ -137,6 +137,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_uart_obj_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_uart_deinit_obj, busio_uart_obj_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(busio_uart_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_busio_uart_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -196,7 +202,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(busio_uart___exit___obj, 4, 4, busio_
 // These three methods are used by the shared stream methods.
 STATIC mp_uint_t busio_uart_read(mp_obj_t self_in, void *buf_in, mp_uint_t size, int *errcode) {
     busio_uart_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_uart_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     byte *buf = buf_in;
 
     // make sure we want at least 1 char
@@ -209,7 +215,7 @@ STATIC mp_uint_t busio_uart_read(mp_obj_t self_in, void *buf_in, mp_uint_t size,
 
 STATIC mp_uint_t busio_uart_write(mp_obj_t self_in, const void *buf_in, mp_uint_t size, int *errcode) {
     busio_uart_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_uart_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     const byte *buf = buf_in;
 
     return common_hal_busio_uart_write(self, buf, size, errcode);
@@ -217,7 +223,7 @@ STATIC mp_uint_t busio_uart_write(mp_obj_t self_in, const void *buf_in, mp_uint_
 
 STATIC mp_uint_t busio_uart_ioctl(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_uint_t request, mp_uint_t arg, int *errcode) {
     busio_uart_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_uart_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_uint_t ret;
     if (request == MP_IOCTL_POLL) {
         mp_uint_t flags = arg;
@@ -241,14 +247,14 @@ STATIC mp_uint_t busio_uart_ioctl(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_uint_t request, mp_uint_t
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_uart_obj_get_baudrate(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_uart_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_uart_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_busio_uart_get_baudrate(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_uart_get_baudrate_obj, busio_uart_obj_get_baudrate);
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_uart_obj_set_baudrate(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t baudrate) {
     busio_uart_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_uart_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_busio_uart_set_baudrate(self, mp_obj_get_int(baudrate));
     return mp_const_none;
 }
@@ -268,7 +274,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t busio_uart_baudrate_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_uart_obj_get_in_waiting(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_uart_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_uart_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_busio_uart_rx_characters_available(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_uart_get_in_waiting_obj, busio_uart_obj_get_in_waiting);
@@ -286,7 +292,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t busio_uart_in_waiting_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_uart_obj_reset_input_buffer(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     busio_uart_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_busio_uart_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     common_hal_busio_uart_clear_rx_buffer(self);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
diff --git a/shared-bindings/digitalio/DigitalInOut.c b/shared-bindings/digitalio/DigitalInOut.c
index 1ced15137..6587ee7ea 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/digitalio/DigitalInOut.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/digitalio/DigitalInOut.c
@@ -105,6 +105,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj___exit__(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(digitalio_digitalinout_obj___exit___obj, 4, 4, digitalio_digitalinout_obj___exit__);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|
 //|   .. method:: switch_to_output(value=False, drive_mode=digitalio.DriveMode.PUSH_PULL)
 //|
@@ -121,7 +127,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(size_t n_args, const mp_
         { MP_QSTR_drive_mode, MP_ARG_OBJ, {.u_rom_obj = &digitalio_drive_mode_push_pull_obj} },
     };
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
@@ -158,7 +164,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_input(size_t n_args, const mp_o
         { MP_QSTR_pull, MP_ARG_OBJ, {.u_rom_obj = mp_const_none} },
     };
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
@@ -191,7 +197,7 @@ extern const digitalio_digitalio_direction_obj_t digitalio_digitalio_direction_o
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj_get_direction(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     digitalio_direction_t direction = common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_direction(self);
     if (direction == DIRECTION_INPUT) {
         return (mp_obj_t)&digitalio_direction_input_obj;
@@ -202,7 +208,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(digitalio_digitalinout_get_direction_obj, digitalio_di
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj_set_direction(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t value) {
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     if (value == &digitalio_direction_input_obj) {
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_input(self, PULL_NONE);
     } else if (value == &digitalio_direction_output_obj) {
@@ -227,7 +233,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t digitalio_digitalio_direction_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj_get_value(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     bool value = common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_value(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(value);
 }
@@ -235,7 +241,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(digitalio_digitalinout_get_value_obj, digitalio_digita
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj_set_value(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t value) {
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_direction(self) == DIRECTION_INPUT) {
         mp_raise_AttributeError(translate("Cannot set value when direction is input."));
         return mp_const_none;
@@ -261,7 +267,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t digitalio_digitalinout_value_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj_get_drive_mode(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_direction(self) == DIRECTION_INPUT) {
         mp_raise_AttributeError(translate("Drive mode not used when direction is input."));
         return mp_const_none;
@@ -276,7 +282,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(digitalio_digitalinout_get_drive_mode_obj, digitalio_d
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj_set_drive_mode(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t drive_mode) {
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_direction(self) == DIRECTION_INPUT) {
         mp_raise_AttributeError(translate("Drive mode not used when direction is input."));
         return mp_const_none;
@@ -309,7 +315,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t digitalio_digitalio_drive_mode_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj_get_pull(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_direction(self) == DIRECTION_OUTPUT) {
         mp_raise_AttributeError(translate("Pull not used when direction is output."));
         return mp_const_none;
@@ -326,7 +332,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(digitalio_digitalinout_get_pull_obj, digitalio_digital
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t digitalio_digitalinout_obj_set_pull(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t pull_obj) {
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_direction(self) == DIRECTION_OUTPUT) {
         mp_raise_AttributeError(translate("Pull not used when direction is output."));
         return mp_const_none;
@@ -381,7 +387,6 @@ digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *assert_digitalinout(mp_obj_t obj) {
         mp_raise_TypeError(translate("argument num/types mismatch"));
     }
     digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t *pin = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(
-        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinited(pin));
+    check_for_deinit(pin);
     return pin;
 }
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h b/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h
index 6695da32b..5a027561b 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ bool displayio_display_frame_queued(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 
 bool displayio_display_refresh_queued(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 void displayio_display_finish_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-void displayio_display_send_pixels(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint32_t* pixels, uint32_t length);
+void displayio_display_send_pixels(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint8_t* pixels, uint32_t length);
 
 bool common_hal_displayio_display_get_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 void common_hal_displayio_display_set_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self, bool auto_brightness);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c b/shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
index 10bed4c77..6ba4914a0 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
@@ -196,6 +196,83 @@ const mp_obj_property_t displayio_tilegrid_y_obj = {
               (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
 };
 
+//|   .. attribute:: flip_x
+//|
+//|     If true, the left edge rendered will be the right edge of the right-most tile.
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_tilegrid_obj_get_flip_x(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_tilegrid_t *self = native_tilegrid(self_in);
+    return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_x(self));
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_x_obj, displayio_tilegrid_obj_get_flip_x);
+
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_tilegrid_obj_set_flip_x(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t flip_x_obj) {
+    displayio_tilegrid_t *self = native_tilegrid(self_in);
+
+    common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_x(self, mp_obj_is_true(flip_x_obj));
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_x_obj, displayio_tilegrid_obj_set_flip_x);
+
+const mp_obj_property_t displayio_tilegrid_flip_x_obj = {
+    .base.type = &mp_type_property,
+    .proxy = {(mp_obj_t)&displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_x_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_x_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
+};
+
+//|   .. attribute:: flip_y
+//|
+//|     If true, the top edge rendered will be the bottom edge of the bottom-most tile.
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_tilegrid_obj_get_flip_y(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_tilegrid_t *self = native_tilegrid(self_in);
+    return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_y(self));
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_y_obj, displayio_tilegrid_obj_get_flip_y);
+
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_tilegrid_obj_set_flip_y(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t flip_y_obj) {
+    displayio_tilegrid_t *self = native_tilegrid(self_in);
+
+    common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_y(self, mp_obj_is_true(flip_y_obj));
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_y_obj, displayio_tilegrid_obj_set_flip_y);
+
+const mp_obj_property_t displayio_tilegrid_flip_y_obj = {
+    .base.type = &mp_type_property,
+    .proxy = {(mp_obj_t)&displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_y_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_y_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
+};
+
+
+//|   .. attribute:: transpose_xy
+//|
+//|     If true, the TileGrid's axis will be swapped. When combined with mirroring, any 90 degree
+//|     rotation can be achieved along with the corresponding mirrored version.
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_tilegrid_obj_get_transpose_xy(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_tilegrid_t *self = native_tilegrid(self_in);
+    return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_transpose_xy(self));
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_tilegrid_get_transpose_xy_obj, displayio_tilegrid_obj_get_transpose_xy);
+
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_tilegrid_obj_set_transpose_xy(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t transpose_xy_obj) {
+    displayio_tilegrid_t *self = native_tilegrid(self_in);
+
+    common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_transpose_xy(self, mp_obj_is_true(transpose_xy_obj));
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(displayio_tilegrid_set_transpose_xy_obj, displayio_tilegrid_obj_set_transpose_xy);
+
+const mp_obj_property_t displayio_tilegrid_transpose_xy_obj = {
+    .base.type = &mp_type_property,
+    .proxy = {(mp_obj_t)&displayio_tilegrid_get_transpose_xy_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&displayio_tilegrid_set_transpose_xy_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
+};
+
 //|   .. attribute:: pixel_shader
 //|
 //|     The pixel shader of the tilegrid.
@@ -292,6 +369,9 @@ STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t displayio_tilegrid_locals_dict_table[] = {
     // Properties
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_x), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_tilegrid_x_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_y), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_tilegrid_y_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_flip_x), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_tilegrid_flip_x_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_flip_y), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_tilegrid_flip_y_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_transpose_xy), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_tilegrid_transpose_xy_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_pixel_shader),          MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_tilegrid_pixel_shader_obj) },
 };
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(displayio_tilegrid_locals_dict, displayio_tilegrid_locals_dict_table);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.h b/shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.h
index 15a71b53b..1f9995a94 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.h
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.h
@@ -42,6 +42,14 @@ void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_y(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, mp_int_t y)
 mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_pixel_shader(displayio_tilegrid_t *self);
 void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_pixel_shader(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, mp_obj_t pixel_shader);
 
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_x(displayio_tilegrid_t *self);
+void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_x(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, bool flip_x);
+bool common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_y(displayio_tilegrid_t *self);
+void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_y(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, bool flip_y);
+bool common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_transpose_xy(displayio_tilegrid_t *self);
+void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_transpose_xy(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, bool transpose_xy);
+
 uint16_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_width(displayio_tilegrid_t *self);
 uint16_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_height(displayio_tilegrid_t *self);
 
diff --git a/shared-bindings/frequencyio/FrequencyIn.c b/shared-bindings/frequencyio/FrequencyIn.c
index 908cb307d..e2b924c07 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/frequencyio/FrequencyIn.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/frequencyio/FrequencyIn.c
@@ -109,6 +109,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t frequencyio_frequencyin_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(frequencyio_frequencyin_deinit_obj, frequencyio_frequencyin_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -133,7 +139,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(frequencyio_frequencyin___exit___obj,
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_pause(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_pause(self);
     return mp_const_none;
@@ -146,7 +152,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(frequencyio_frequencyin_pause_obj, frequencyio_frequen
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_resume(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_resume(self);
     return mp_const_none;
@@ -160,7 +166,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(frequencyio_frequencyin_resume_obj, frequencyio_freque
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_clear(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_clear(self);
     return mp_const_none;
@@ -178,7 +184,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(frequencyio_frequencyin_clear_obj, frequencyio_frequen
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_get_capture_period(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_get_capture_period(self));
 }
@@ -186,7 +192,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(frequencyio_frequency_get_capture_period_obj, frequenc
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_set_capture_period(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t capture_period) {
     frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_set_capture_period(self, mp_obj_get_int(capture_period));
     return mp_const_none;
@@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t frequencyio_frequencyin_capture_period_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_get_value(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     frequencyio_frequencyin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     //return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_get_item(self));
     return mp_obj_new_int_from_float(common_hal_frequencyio_frequencyin_get_item(self));
diff --git a/shared-bindings/i2cslave/I2CSlave.c b/shared-bindings/i2cslave/I2CSlave.c
index 090a53581..2598accbb 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/i2cslave/I2CSlave.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/i2cslave/I2CSlave.c
@@ -150,7 +150,9 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(i2cslave_i2c_slave___exit___obj, 4, 4
 STATIC mp_obj_t i2cslave_i2c_slave_request(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
     mp_check_self(MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(pos_args[0], &i2cslave_i2c_slave_type));
     i2cslave_i2c_slave_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_i2cslave_i2c_slave_deinited(self));
+    if(common_hal_i2cslave_i2c_slave_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
     enum { ARG_timeout };
     static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
         { MP_QSTR_timeout,      MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_OBJ, {.u_obj = MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(-1)} },
diff --git a/shared-bindings/ps2io/Ps2.c b/shared-bindings/ps2io/Ps2.c
index bdbbf795c..fb5c24b85 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/ps2io/Ps2.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/ps2io/Ps2.c
@@ -103,6 +103,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t ps2io_ps2_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(ps2io_ps2_deinit_obj, ps2io_ps2_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(ps2io_ps2_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_ps2io_ps2_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -128,7 +134,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(ps2io_ps2___exit___obj, 4, 4, ps2io_p
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t ps2io_ps2_obj_popleft(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     ps2io_ps2_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_ps2io_ps2_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     int b = common_hal_ps2io_ps2_popleft(self);
     if (b < 0) {
@@ -153,7 +159,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(ps2io_ps2_popleft_obj, ps2io_ps2_obj_popleft);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t ps2io_ps2_obj_sendcmd(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t ob) {
     ps2io_ps2_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_ps2io_ps2_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_int_t cmd = mp_obj_get_int(ob) & 0xff;
     int resp = common_hal_ps2io_ps2_sendcmd(self, cmd);
     if (resp < 0) {
@@ -195,7 +201,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(ps2io_ps2_sendcmd_obj, ps2io_ps2_obj_sendcmd);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t ps2io_ps2_obj_clear_errors(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     ps2io_ps2_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_ps2io_ps2_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_ps2io_ps2_clear_errors(self));
 }
@@ -208,7 +214,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(ps2io_ps2_clear_errors_obj, ps2io_ps2_obj_clear_errors
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t ps2_unary_op(mp_unary_op_t op, mp_obj_t self_in) {
     ps2io_ps2_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_ps2io_ps2_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     uint16_t len = common_hal_ps2io_ps2_get_len(self);
     switch (op) {
         case MP_UNARY_OP_BOOL: return mp_obj_new_bool(len != 0);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/pulseio/PWMOut.c b/shared-bindings/pulseio/PWMOut.c
index a7a90fb0d..40981e0a8 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/pulseio/PWMOut.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/pulseio/PWMOut.c
@@ -133,6 +133,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pwmout_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(pulseio_pwmout_deinit_obj, pulseio_pwmout_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(pulseio_pwmout_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -158,14 +164,14 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(pulseio_pwmout___exit___obj, 4, 4, pu
 //|      be half high and then half low.
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pwmout_obj_get_duty_cycle(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     pulseio_pwmout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_get_duty_cycle(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(pulseio_pwmout_get_duty_cycle_obj, pulseio_pwmout_obj_get_duty_cycle);
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pwmout_obj_set_duty_cycle(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t duty_cycle) {
     pulseio_pwmout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     mp_int_t duty = mp_obj_get_int(duty_cycle);
     if (duty < 0 || duty > 0xffff) {
         mp_raise_ValueError(translate("PWM duty_cycle must be between 0 and 65535 inclusive (16 bit resolution)"));
@@ -189,14 +195,14 @@ const mp_obj_property_t pulseio_pwmout_duty_cycle_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pwmout_obj_get_frequency(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     pulseio_pwmout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_get_frequency(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(pulseio_pwmout_get_frequency_obj, pulseio_pwmout_obj_get_frequency);
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pwmout_obj_set_frequency(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t frequency) {
     pulseio_pwmout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     if (!common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_get_variable_frequency(self)) {
         mp_raise_AttributeError(translate(
             "PWM frequency not writable when variable_frequency is False on "
diff --git a/shared-bindings/pulseio/PulseIn.c b/shared-bindings/pulseio/PulseIn.c
index 9f37c65c9..8b69109f0 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/pulseio/PulseIn.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/pulseio/PulseIn.c
@@ -114,6 +114,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pulsein_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(pulseio_pulsein_deinit_obj, pulseio_pulsein_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -138,7 +144,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(pulseio_pulsein___exit___obj, 4, 4, p
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pulsein_obj_pause(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_pause(self);
     return mp_const_none;
@@ -162,7 +168,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pulsein_obj_resume(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_ar
         { MP_QSTR_trigger_duration, MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
     };
     pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
@@ -178,7 +184,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(pulseio_pulsein_resume_obj, 1, pulseio_pulsein_obj_re
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pulsein_obj_clear(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_clear(self);
     return mp_const_none;
@@ -191,7 +197,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(pulseio_pulsein_clear_obj, pulseio_pulsein_obj_clear);
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pulsein_obj_popleft(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_popleft(self));
 }
@@ -204,7 +210,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(pulseio_pulsein_popleft_obj, pulseio_pulsein_obj_pople
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pulsein_obj_get_maxlen(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_get_maxlen(self));
 }
@@ -224,7 +230,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t pulseio_pulsein_maxlen_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pulsein_obj_get_paused(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_get_paused(self));
 }
@@ -248,7 +254,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t pulseio_pulsein_paused_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulsein_unary_op(mp_unary_op_t op, mp_obj_t self_in) {
     pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     uint16_t len = common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_get_len(self);
     switch (op) {
         case MP_UNARY_OP_BOOL: return mp_obj_new_bool(len != 0);
@@ -272,7 +278,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t pulsein_subscr(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t index_obj, mp_obj_t va
         mp_raise_AttributeError(translate("Cannot delete values"));
     } else {
         pulseio_pulsein_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-        raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulsein_deinited(self));
+        check_for_deinit(self);
 
         if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(index_obj, &mp_type_slice)) {
             mp_raise_NotImplementedError(translate("Slices not supported"));
diff --git a/shared-bindings/pulseio/PulseOut.c b/shared-bindings/pulseio/PulseOut.c
index 493b7e2ff..172459e5d 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/pulseio/PulseOut.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/pulseio/PulseOut.c
@@ -127,7 +127,9 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(pulseio_pulseout___exit___obj, 4, 4,
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t pulseio_pulseout_obj_send(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t pulses) {
     pulseio_pulseout_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_pulseio_pulseout_deinited(self));
+    if (common_hal_pulseio_pulseout_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
 
     mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(pulses, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/rotaryio/IncrementalEncoder.c b/shared-bindings/rotaryio/IncrementalEncoder.c
index 5d2264ffc..f2f157847 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/rotaryio/IncrementalEncoder.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/rotaryio/IncrementalEncoder.c
@@ -100,6 +100,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t rotaryio_incrementalencoder_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(rotaryio_incrementalencoder_deinit_obj, rotaryio_incrementalencoder_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(rotaryio_incrementalencoder_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_rotaryio_incrementalencoder_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -126,7 +132,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(rotaryio_incrementalencoder___exit___
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t rotaryio_incrementalencoder_obj_get_position(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     rotaryio_incrementalencoder_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_rotaryio_incrementalencoder_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     return mp_obj_new_int(common_hal_rotaryio_incrementalencoder_get_position(self));
 }
@@ -134,7 +140,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(rotaryio_incrementalencoder_get_position_obj, rotaryio
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t rotaryio_incrementalencoder_obj_set_position(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t new_position) {
     rotaryio_incrementalencoder_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_rotaryio_incrementalencoder_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
 
     common_hal_rotaryio_incrementalencoder_set_position(self, mp_obj_get_int(new_position));
     return mp_const_none;
diff --git a/shared-bindings/touchio/TouchIn.c b/shared-bindings/touchio/TouchIn.c
index 3b26aca8c..78fceef41 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/touchio/TouchIn.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/touchio/TouchIn.c
@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t touchio_touchin_deinit(mp_obj_t self_in) {
 }
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(touchio_touchin_deinit_obj, touchio_touchin_deinit);
 
+STATIC void check_for_deinit(touchio_touchin_obj_t *self) {
+    if (common_hal_touchio_touchin_deinited(self)) {
+        raise_deinited_error();
+    }
+}
+
 //|   .. method:: __enter__()
 //|
 //|      No-op used by Context Managers.
@@ -114,7 +120,7 @@ STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_VAR_BETWEEN(touchio_touchin___exit___obj, 4, 4, t
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t touchio_touchin_obj_get_value(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     touchio_touchin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_touchio_touchin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_touchio_touchin_get_value(self));
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(touchio_touchin_get_value_obj, touchio_touchin_obj_get_value);
@@ -133,7 +139,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t touchio_touchin_value_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t touchio_touchin_obj_get_raw_value(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     touchio_touchin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_touchio_touchin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_touchio_touchin_get_raw_value(self));
 }
 
@@ -158,7 +164,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t touchio_touchin_raw_value_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t touchio_touchin_obj_get_threshold(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     touchio_touchin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_touchio_touchin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_touchio_touchin_get_threshold(self));
 }
 
@@ -166,7 +172,7 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(touchio_touchin_get_threshold_obj, touchio_touchin_obj
 
 STATIC mp_obj_t touchio_touchin_obj_set_threshold(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t threshold_obj) {
     touchio_touchin_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
-    raise_error_if_deinited(common_hal_touchio_touchin_deinited(self));
+    check_for_deinit(self);
     uint32_t new_threshold = mp_obj_get_int(threshold_obj);
     if (new_threshold < 0 || new_threshold > UINT16_MAX) {
         // I would use MP_STRINGIFY(UINT16_MAX), but that prints "0xffff" instead of 65536.
diff --git a/shared-bindings/util.c b/shared-bindings/util.c
index 80a0bdaeb..c1ca01e0a 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/util.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/util.c
@@ -32,11 +32,9 @@
 #include "shared-bindings/util.h"
 #include "supervisor/shared/translate.h"
 
-// Check if pin is None. If so, deinit() has already been called on the object, so complain.
-void raise_error_if_deinited(bool deinited) {
-    if (deinited) {
-        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Object has been deinitialized and can no longer be used. Create a new object."));
-    }
+// If so, deinit() has already been called on the object, so complain.
+void raise_deinited_error(void) {
+    mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Object has been deinitialized and can no longer be used. Create a new object."));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/shared-bindings/util.h b/shared-bindings/util.h
index b26ed7e93..33454f10e 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/util.h
+++ b/shared-bindings/util.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #ifndef MICROPY_INCLUDED_ATMEL_SAMD_COMMON_HAL_UTIL_H
 #define MICROPY_INCLUDED_ATMEL_SAMD_COMMON_HAL_UTIL_H
 
-void raise_error_if_deinited(bool deinited);
+void raise_deinited_error(void);
 
 
 #endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_ATMEL_SAMD_COMMON_HAL_UTIL_H
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Display.c b/shared-module/displayio/Display.c
index 3b1613974..0ae88300a 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Display.c
@@ -107,28 +107,26 @@ void common_hal_displayio_display_construct(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
 
     supervisor_start_terminal(width, height);
 
-    // Set the group after initialization otherwise we may send pixels while we delay in
-    // initialization.
-    self->refresh = true;
-    self->current_group = &circuitpython_splash;
-
     self->width = width;
     self->height = height;
     rotation = rotation % 360;
-    self->mirror_x = false;
-    self->mirror_y = false;
-    self->transpose_xy = false;
+    self->transform.x = 0;
+    self->transform.y = 0;
+    self->transform.scale = 1;
+    self->transform.mirror_x = false;
+    self->transform.mirror_y = false;
+    self->transform.transpose_xy = false;
     if (rotation == 0 || rotation == 180) {
         if (rotation == 180) {
-            self->mirror_x = true;
-            self->mirror_y = true;
+            self->transform.mirror_x = true;
+            self->transform.mirror_y = true;
         }
     } else {
-        self->transpose_xy = true;
-        if (rotation == 90) {
-            self->mirror_y = true;
+        self->transform.transpose_xy = true;
+        if (rotation == 270) {
+            self->transform.mirror_y = true;
         } else {
-            self->mirror_x = true;
+            self->transform.mirror_x = true;
         }
     }
 
@@ -148,13 +146,52 @@ void common_hal_displayio_display_construct(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
             }
         }
     }
+
+    self->area.x1 = 0;
+    self->area.y1 = 0;
+    self->area.next = NULL;
+
+    self->transform.dx = 1;
+    self->transform.dy = 1;
+    if (self->transform.transpose_xy) {
+        self->area.x2 = height;
+        self->area.y2 = width;
+        if (self->transform.mirror_x) {
+            self->transform.x = height;
+            self->transform.dx = -1;
+        }
+        if (self->transform.mirror_y) {
+            self->transform.y = width;
+            self->transform.dy = -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        self->area.x2 = width;
+        self->area.y2 = height;
+        if (self->transform.mirror_x) {
+            self->transform.x = width;
+            self->transform.dx = -1;
+        }
+        if (self->transform.mirror_y) {
+            self->transform.y = height;
+            self->transform.dy = -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Set the group after initialization otherwise we may send pixels while we delay in
+    // initialization.
+    common_hal_displayio_display_show(self, &circuitpython_splash);
 }
 
 void common_hal_displayio_display_show(displayio_display_obj_t* self, displayio_group_t* root_group) {
     if (root_group == NULL) {
         root_group = &circuitpython_splash;
     }
+    if (root_group == self->current_group) {
+        return;
+    }
+    displayio_group_update_transform(root_group, &self->transform);
     self->current_group = root_group;
+    self->full_refresh = true;
     common_hal_displayio_display_refresh_soon(self);
 }
 
@@ -162,6 +199,15 @@ void common_hal_displayio_display_refresh_soon(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
     self->refresh = true;
 }
 
+const displayio_area_t* displayio_display_get_refresh_areas(displayio_display_obj_t *self) {
+    if (self->full_refresh) {
+        self->area.next = NULL;
+        return &self->area;
+    } else {
+        return displayio_group_get_refresh_areas(self->current_group, NULL);
+    }
+}
+
 int32_t common_hal_displayio_display_wait_for_frame(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
     uint64_t last_refresh = self->last_refresh;
     // Don't try to refresh if we got an exception.
@@ -224,7 +270,6 @@ void displayio_display_end_transaction(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
 }
 
 void displayio_display_set_region_to_update(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint16_t x0, uint16_t y0, uint16_t x1, uint16_t y1) {
-
     self->send(self->bus, true, &self->set_column_command, 1);
     bool isCommand = self->data_as_commands;
     if (self->single_byte_bounds) {
@@ -255,13 +300,16 @@ void displayio_display_set_region_to_update(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint1
     }
 }
 
-bool displayio_display_frame_queued(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    // Refresh at ~30 fps.
-    return (ticks_ms - self->last_refresh) > 32;
+void displayio_display_start_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    self->last_refresh = ticks_ms;
 }
 
-bool displayio_display_refresh_queued(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    return self->refresh || (self->current_group != NULL && displayio_group_needs_refresh(self->current_group));
+bool displayio_display_frame_queued(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    if (self->current_group == NULL) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Refresh at ~60 fps.
+    return (ticks_ms - self->last_refresh) > 16;
 }
 
 void displayio_display_finish_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
@@ -269,11 +317,12 @@ void displayio_display_finish_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
         displayio_group_finish_refresh(self->current_group);
     }
     self->refresh = false;
+    self->full_refresh = false;
     self->last_refresh = ticks_ms;
 }
 
-void displayio_display_send_pixels(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint32_t* pixels, uint32_t length) {
-    self->send(self->bus, false, (uint8_t*) pixels, length * 4);
+void displayio_display_send_pixels(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint8_t* pixels, uint32_t length) {
+    self->send(self->bus, false, pixels, length);
 }
 
 void displayio_display_update_backlight(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
@@ -298,3 +347,11 @@ void release_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinit(&self->backlight_inout);
     }
 }
+
+bool displayio_display_fill_area(displayio_display_obj_t *self, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer) {
+    return displayio_group_fill_area(self->current_group, area, mask, buffer);
+}
+
+bool displayio_display_clip_area(displayio_display_obj_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, displayio_area_t* clipped) {
+    return displayio_area_compute_overlap(&self->area, area, clipped);
+}
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Display.h b/shared-module/displayio/Display.h
index 52f98a252..fa8902ced 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Display.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Display.h
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/Group.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/pulseio/PWMOut.h"
 
+#include "shared-module/displayio/area.h"
+
 typedef bool (*display_bus_begin_transaction)(mp_obj_t bus);
 typedef void (*display_bus_send)(mp_obj_t bus, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
 typedef void (*display_bus_end_transaction)(mp_obj_t bus);
@@ -38,19 +40,8 @@ typedef void (*display_bus_end_transaction)(mp_obj_t bus);
 typedef struct {
     mp_obj_base_t base;
     mp_obj_t bus;
-    uint16_t width;
-    uint16_t height;
-    uint16_t color_depth;
-    uint8_t set_column_command;
-    uint8_t set_row_command;
-    uint8_t write_ram_command;
     displayio_group_t *current_group;
-    bool refresh;
     uint64_t last_refresh;
-    int16_t colstart;
-    int16_t rowstart;
-    bool single_byte_bounds;
-    bool data_as_commands;
     display_bus_begin_transaction begin_transaction;
     display_bus_send send;
     display_bus_end_transaction end_transaction;
@@ -59,14 +50,29 @@ typedef struct {
         pulseio_pwmout_obj_t backlight_pwm;
     };
     uint64_t last_backlight_refresh;
-    bool auto_brightness:1;
-    bool updating_backlight:1;
-    bool mirror_x;
-    bool mirror_y;
-    bool transpose_xy;
+    displayio_buffer_transform_t transform;
+    displayio_area_t area;
+    uint16_t width;
+    uint16_t height;
+    uint16_t color_depth;
+    int16_t colstart;
+    int16_t rowstart;
+    uint8_t set_column_command;
+    uint8_t set_row_command;
+    uint8_t write_ram_command;
+    bool refresh;
+    bool single_byte_bounds;
+    bool data_as_commands;
+    bool auto_brightness;
+    bool updating_backlight;
+    bool full_refresh; // New group means we need to refresh the whole display.
 } displayio_display_obj_t;
 
+void displayio_display_start_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
+const displayio_area_t* displayio_display_get_refresh_areas(displayio_display_obj_t *self);
+bool displayio_display_fill_area(displayio_display_obj_t *self, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer);
 void displayio_display_update_backlight(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
+bool displayio_display_clip_area(displayio_display_obj_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, displayio_area_t* clipped);
 void release_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 
 #endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_DISPLAY_H
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Group.c b/shared-module/displayio/Group.c
index f91e2ce3c..15060e87b 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Group.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Group.c
@@ -38,9 +38,85 @@ uint32_t common_hal_displayio_group_get_scale(displayio_group_t* self) {
     return self->scale;
 }
 
+bool displayio_group_get_previous_area(displayio_group_t *self, displayio_area_t* area) {
+    bool first = true;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < self->size; i++) {
+        mp_obj_t layer = self->children[i].native;
+        displayio_area_t layer_area;
+        if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_tilegrid_type)) {
+            if (!displayio_tilegrid_get_previous_area(layer, &layer_area)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_group_type)) {
+            if (!displayio_group_get_previous_area(layer, &layer_area)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (first) {
+            displayio_area_copy(&layer_area, area);
+            first = false;
+        } else {
+            displayio_area_expand(area, &layer_area);
+        }
+    }
+    if (self->item_removed) {
+        if (first) {
+            displayio_area_copy(&self->dirty_area, area);
+            first = false;
+        } else {
+            displayio_area_expand(area, &self->dirty_area);
+        }
+    }
+    return !first;
+}
+
+static void _update_child_transforms(displayio_group_t* self) {
+    if (!self->in_group) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < self->size; i++) {
+        mp_obj_t layer = self->children[i].native;
+        if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_tilegrid_type)) {
+            displayio_tilegrid_update_transform(layer, &self->absolute_transform);
+        } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_group_type)) {
+            displayio_group_update_transform(layer, &self->absolute_transform);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void displayio_group_update_transform(displayio_group_t *self,
+                                      const displayio_buffer_transform_t* parent_transform) {
+    self->in_group = parent_transform != NULL;
+    if (self->in_group) {
+        int16_t x = self->x;
+        int16_t y = self->y;
+        if (parent_transform->transpose_xy) {
+            x = y;
+            y = self->x;
+        }
+        self->absolute_transform.x = parent_transform->x + parent_transform->dx * x;
+        self->absolute_transform.y = parent_transform->y + parent_transform->dy * y;
+        self->absolute_transform.dx = parent_transform->dx * self->scale;
+        self->absolute_transform.dy = parent_transform->dy * self->scale;
+        self->absolute_transform.transpose_xy = parent_transform->transpose_xy;
+        self->absolute_transform.mirror_x = parent_transform->mirror_x;
+        self->absolute_transform.mirror_y = parent_transform->mirror_y;
+
+        self->absolute_transform.scale = parent_transform->scale * self->scale;
+    }
+    _update_child_transforms(self);
+}
+
 void common_hal_displayio_group_set_scale(displayio_group_t* self, uint32_t scale) {
-    self->needs_refresh = self->scale != scale;
+    if (self->scale == scale) {
+        return;
+    }
+    uint8_t parent_scale = self->absolute_transform.scale / self->scale;
+    self->absolute_transform.dx = self->absolute_transform.dx / self->scale * scale;
+    self->absolute_transform.dy = self->absolute_transform.dy / self->scale * scale;
+    self->absolute_transform.scale = parent_scale * scale;
     self->scale = scale;
+    _update_child_transforms(self);
 }
 
 mp_int_t common_hal_displayio_group_get_x(displayio_group_t* self) {
@@ -48,8 +124,19 @@ mp_int_t common_hal_displayio_group_get_x(displayio_group_t* self) {
 }
 
 void common_hal_displayio_group_set_x(displayio_group_t* self, mp_int_t x) {
-    self->needs_refresh = self->x != x;
+    if (self->x == x) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (self->absolute_transform.transpose_xy) {
+        int16_t dy = self->absolute_transform.dy / self->scale;
+        self->absolute_transform.y += dy * (x - self->x);
+    } else  {
+        int16_t dx = self->absolute_transform.dx / self->scale;
+        self->absolute_transform.x += dx * (x - self->x);
+    }
+
     self->x = x;
+    _update_child_transforms(self);
 }
 
 mp_int_t common_hal_displayio_group_get_y(displayio_group_t* self) {
@@ -57,21 +144,75 @@ mp_int_t common_hal_displayio_group_get_y(displayio_group_t* self) {
 }
 
 void common_hal_displayio_group_set_y(displayio_group_t* self, mp_int_t y) {
-    self->needs_refresh = self->y != y;
+    if (self->y == y) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (self->absolute_transform.transpose_xy) {
+        int8_t dx = self->absolute_transform.dx / self->scale;
+        self->absolute_transform.x += dx * (y - self->y);
+    } else  {
+        int8_t dy = self->absolute_transform.dy / self->scale;
+        self->absolute_transform.y += dy * (y - self->y);
+    }
     self->y = y;
+    _update_child_transforms(self);
 }
 
-void common_hal_displayio_group_insert(displayio_group_t* self, size_t index, mp_obj_t layer) {
-    if (self->size == self->max_size) {
-        mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("Group full"));
-    }
+static mp_obj_t _add_layer(displayio_group_t* self, mp_obj_t layer) {
     mp_obj_t native_layer = mp_instance_cast_to_native_base(layer, &displayio_group_type);
     if (native_layer == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
         native_layer = mp_instance_cast_to_native_base(layer, &displayio_tilegrid_type);
+        if (native_layer == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
+            mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."));
+        }
+        displayio_tilegrid_t* tilegrid = native_layer;
+        if (tilegrid->in_group) {
+            mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Layer already in a group."));
+        } else {
+            tilegrid->in_group = true;
+        }
+        displayio_tilegrid_update_transform(tilegrid, &self->absolute_transform);
+    } else {
+        displayio_group_t* group = native_layer;
+        if (group->in_group) {
+            mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Layer already in a group."));
+        } else {
+            group->in_group = true;
+        }
+        displayio_group_update_transform(group, &self->absolute_transform);
     }
-    if (native_layer == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
-        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."));
+    return native_layer;
+}
+
+static void _remove_layer(displayio_group_t* self, size_t index) {
+    mp_obj_t layer = self->children[index].native;
+    displayio_area_t layer_area;
+    bool rendered_last_frame = false;
+    if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_tilegrid_type)) {
+        displayio_tilegrid_t* tilegrid = layer;
+        rendered_last_frame = displayio_tilegrid_get_previous_area(tilegrid, &layer_area);
+        displayio_tilegrid_update_transform(tilegrid, NULL);
+    } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_group_type)) {
+        displayio_group_t* group = layer;
+        rendered_last_frame = displayio_group_get_previous_area(group, &layer_area);
+        displayio_group_update_transform(group, NULL);
+    }
+    if (!rendered_last_frame) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!self->item_removed) {
+        displayio_area_copy(&layer_area, &self->dirty_area);
+    } else {
+        displayio_area_expand(&self->dirty_area, &layer_area);
     }
+    self->item_removed = true;
+}
+
+void common_hal_displayio_group_insert(displayio_group_t* self, size_t index, mp_obj_t layer) {
+    if (self->size == self->max_size) {
+        mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("Group full"));
+    }
+    mp_obj_t native_layer = _add_layer(self, layer);
     // Shift everything right.
     for (size_t i = self->size; i > index; i--) {
         self->children[i] = self->children[i - 1];
@@ -79,19 +220,19 @@ void common_hal_displayio_group_insert(displayio_group_t* self, size_t index, mp
     self->children[index].native = native_layer;
     self->children[index].original = layer;
     self->size++;
-    self->needs_refresh = true;
 }
 
 mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_group_pop(displayio_group_t* self, size_t index) {
     self->size--;
     mp_obj_t item = self->children[index].original;
+    _remove_layer(self, index);
+
     // Shift everything left.
     for (size_t i = index; i < self->size; i++) {
         self->children[i] = self->children[i + 1];
     }
     self->children[self->size].native = NULL;
     self->children[self->size].original = NULL;
-    self->needs_refresh = true;
     return item;
 }
 
@@ -113,16 +254,10 @@ mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_group_get(displayio_group_t* self, size_t index) {
 }
 
 void common_hal_displayio_group_set(displayio_group_t* self, size_t index, mp_obj_t layer) {
-    mp_obj_t native_layer = mp_instance_cast_to_native_base(layer, &displayio_group_type);
-    if (native_layer == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
-        native_layer = mp_instance_cast_to_native_base(layer, &displayio_tilegrid_type);
-    }
-    if (native_layer == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
-        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Layer must be a Group or TileGrid subclass."));
-    }
+    mp_obj_t native_layer = _add_layer(self, layer);
+    _remove_layer(self, index);
     self->children[index].native = native_layer;
     self->children[index].original = layer;
-    self->needs_refresh = true;
 }
 
 void displayio_group_construct(displayio_group_t* self, displayio_group_child_t* child_array, uint32_t max_size, uint32_t scale, mp_int_t x, mp_int_t y) {
@@ -130,63 +265,58 @@ void displayio_group_construct(displayio_group_t* self, displayio_group_child_t*
     self->y = y;
     self->children = child_array;
     self->max_size = max_size;
-    self->needs_refresh = false;
+    self->item_removed = false;
     self->scale = scale;
+    self->in_group = false;
 }
 
-bool displayio_group_get_area(displayio_group_t *self, displayio_buffer_transform_t* transform, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t* buffer) {
-    displayio_area_shift(area, -self->x * transform->scale, -self->y * transform->scale);
-    transform->scale *= self->scale;
-
+bool displayio_group_fill_area(displayio_group_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t* buffer) {
     // Track if any of the layers finishes filling in the given area. We can ignore any remaining
     // layers at that point.
     bool full_coverage = false;
     for (int32_t i = self->size - 1; i >= 0 ; i--) {
         mp_obj_t layer = self->children[i].native;
         if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_tilegrid_type)) {
-            if (displayio_tilegrid_get_area(layer, transform, area, mask, buffer)) {
+            if (displayio_tilegrid_fill_area(layer, area, mask, buffer)) {
                 full_coverage = true;
                 break;
             }
         } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_group_type)) {
-            if (displayio_group_get_area(layer, transform, area, mask, buffer)) {
+            if (displayio_group_fill_area(layer, area, mask, buffer)) {
                 full_coverage = true;
                 break;
             }
         }
     }
-    transform->scale /= self->scale;
-    displayio_area_shift(area, self->x * transform->scale, self->y * transform->scale);
     return full_coverage;
 }
 
-bool displayio_group_needs_refresh(displayio_group_t *self) {
-    if (self->needs_refresh) {
-        return true;
-    }
+void displayio_group_finish_refresh(displayio_group_t *self) {
+    self->item_removed = false;
     for (int32_t i = self->size - 1; i >= 0 ; i--) {
         mp_obj_t layer = self->children[i].native;
         if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_tilegrid_type)) {
-            if (displayio_tilegrid_needs_refresh(layer)) {
-                return true;
-            }
+            displayio_tilegrid_finish_refresh(layer);
         } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_group_type)) {
-            if (displayio_group_needs_refresh(layer)) {
-                return true;
-            }
+            displayio_group_finish_refresh(layer);
         }
     }
-    return false;
 }
 
-void displayio_group_finish_refresh(displayio_group_t *self) {
-    self->needs_refresh = false;
+displayio_area_t* displayio_group_get_refresh_areas(displayio_group_t *self, displayio_area_t* tail) {
+    if (self->item_removed) {
+        self->dirty_area.next = tail;
+        tail = &self->dirty_area;
+    }
+
     for (int32_t i = self->size - 1; i >= 0 ; i--) {
         mp_obj_t layer = self->children[i].native;
         if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_tilegrid_type)) {
-            displayio_tilegrid_finish_refresh(layer);
+            tail = displayio_tilegrid_get_refresh_areas(layer, tail);
         } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(layer, &displayio_group_type)) {
-            displayio_group_finish_refresh(layer);
+            tail = displayio_group_get_refresh_areas(layer, tail);
         }
     }
+
+    return tail;
 }
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Group.h b/shared-module/displayio/Group.h
index f8fe9be04..7ce19a4cd 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Group.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Group.h
@@ -40,18 +40,23 @@ typedef struct {
 
 typedef struct {
     mp_obj_base_t base;
+    displayio_group_child_t* children;
     int16_t x;
     int16_t y;
     uint16_t scale;
     uint16_t size;
     uint16_t max_size;
-    displayio_group_child_t* children;
-    bool needs_refresh;
+    bool item_removed;
+    bool in_group;
+    displayio_buffer_transform_t absolute_transform;
+    displayio_area_t dirty_area; // Catch all for changed area
 } displayio_group_t;
 
 void displayio_group_construct(displayio_group_t* self, displayio_group_child_t* child_array, uint32_t max_size, uint32_t scale, mp_int_t x, mp_int_t y);
-bool displayio_group_get_area(displayio_group_t *group, displayio_buffer_transform_t* transform, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer);
-bool displayio_group_needs_refresh(displayio_group_t *self);
+bool displayio_group_get_previous_area(displayio_group_t *group, displayio_area_t* area);
+bool displayio_group_fill_area(displayio_group_t *group, const displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer);
+void displayio_group_update_transform(displayio_group_t *group, const displayio_buffer_transform_t* parent_transform);
 void displayio_group_finish_refresh(displayio_group_t *self);
+displayio_area_t* displayio_group_get_refresh_areas(displayio_group_t *self, displayio_area_t* tail);
 
 #endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_GROUP_H
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Palette.c b/shared-module/displayio/Palette.c
index e810be875..8dc6e766b 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Palette.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Palette.c
@@ -53,7 +53,11 @@ void common_hal_displayio_palette_set_color(displayio_palette_t* self, uint32_t
     uint32_t packed = r5 << 11 | g6 << 5 | b5;
     // swap bytes
     packed = __builtin_bswap16(packed);
-    self->colors[palette_index / 2] = masked | packed << shift;
+    uint32_t final_color = masked | packed << shift;
+    if (self->colors[palette_index / 2] == final_color) {
+        return;
+    }
+    self->colors[palette_index / 2] = final_color;
     self->needs_refresh = true;
 }
 
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c b/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
index 078ddf6b1..97b704c40 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
@@ -56,39 +56,123 @@ void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_construct(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, mp_obj_
     self->bitmap_width_in_tiles = bitmap_width_in_tiles;
     self->width_in_tiles = width;
     self->height_in_tiles = height;
-    self->area.x1 = x;
-    self->area.y1 = y;
-    self->area.x2 = x + width * tile_width;
-    self->area.y2 = y + height * tile_height;
+    self->x = x;
+    self->y = y;
+    self->pixel_width = width * tile_width;
+    self->pixel_height = height * tile_height;
     self->tile_width = tile_width;
     self->tile_height = tile_height;
     self->bitmap = bitmap;
     self->pixel_shader = pixel_shader;
+    self->in_group = false;
+    self->first_draw = true;
+    self->flip_x = false;
+    self->flip_y = false;
+    self->transpose_xy = false;
 }
 
+bool displayio_tilegrid_get_previous_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_area_t* area) {
+    if (self->first_draw) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    displayio_area_copy(&self->previous_area, area);
+    return true;
+}
+
+void _update_current_x(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
+    int16_t width;
+    if (self->transpose_xy) {
+        width = self->pixel_height;
+    } else {
+        width = self->pixel_width;
+    }
+    if (self->absolute_transform->transpose_xy) {
+        self->current_area.y1 = self->absolute_transform->y + self->absolute_transform->dy * self->x;
+        self->current_area.y2 = self->absolute_transform->y + self->absolute_transform->dy * (self->x + width);
+        if (self->current_area.y2 < self->current_area.y1) {
+            int16_t temp = self->current_area.y2;
+            self->current_area.y2 = self->current_area.y1;
+            self->current_area.y1 = temp;
+        }
+    } else {
+        self->current_area.x1 = self->absolute_transform->x + self->absolute_transform->dx * self->x;
+        self->current_area.x2 = self->absolute_transform->x + self->absolute_transform->dx * (self->x + width);
+        if (self->current_area.x2 < self->current_area.x1) {
+            int16_t temp = self->current_area.x2;
+            self->current_area.x2 = self->current_area.x1;
+            self->current_area.x1 = temp;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void _update_current_y(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
+    int16_t height;
+    if (self->transpose_xy) {
+        height = self->pixel_width;
+    } else {
+        height = self->pixel_height;
+    }
+    if (self->absolute_transform->transpose_xy) {
+        self->current_area.x1 = self->absolute_transform->x + self->absolute_transform->dx * self->y;
+        self->current_area.x2 = self->absolute_transform->x + self->absolute_transform->dx * (self->y + height);
+        if (self->current_area.x2 < self->current_area.x1) {
+            int16_t temp = self->current_area.x2;
+            self->current_area.x2 = self->current_area.x1;
+            self->current_area.x1 = temp;
+        }
+    } else {
+        self->current_area.y1 = self->absolute_transform->y + self->absolute_transform->dy * self->y;
+        self->current_area.y2 = self->absolute_transform->y + self->absolute_transform->dy * (self->y + height);
+        if (self->current_area.y2 < self->current_area.y1) {
+            int16_t temp = self->current_area.y2;
+            self->current_area.y2 = self->current_area.y1;
+            self->current_area.y1 = temp;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void displayio_tilegrid_update_transform(displayio_tilegrid_t *self,
+                                         const displayio_buffer_transform_t* absolute_transform) {
+    self->in_group = absolute_transform != NULL;
+    self->absolute_transform = absolute_transform;
+    if (absolute_transform != NULL) {
+        self->moved = !self->first_draw;
+
+        _update_current_x(self);
+        _update_current_y(self);
+    } else {
+        self->first_draw = true;
+    }
+}
 
 mp_int_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_x(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
-    return self->area.x1;
+    return self->x;
 }
 void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_x(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, mp_int_t x) {
-    if (self->area.x1 == x) {
+    if (self->x == x) {
         return;
     }
-    self->needs_refresh = true;
-    self->area.x2 += (self->area.x1 - x);
-    self->area.x1 = x;
+
+    self->moved = !self->first_draw;
+
+    self->x = x;
+    if (self->absolute_transform != NULL) {
+        _update_current_x(self);
+    }
 }
 mp_int_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_y(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
-    return self->area.y1;
+    return self->y;
 }
 
 void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_y(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, mp_int_t y) {
-    if (self->area.y1 == y) {
+    if (self->y == y) {
         return;
     }
-    self->needs_refresh = true;
-    self->area.y2 += (self->area.y1 - y);
-    self->area.y1 = y;
+    self->moved = !self->first_draw;
+    self->y = y;
+    if (self->absolute_transform != NULL) {
+        _update_current_y(self);
+    }
 }
 
 mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_pixel_shader(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
@@ -97,10 +181,9 @@ mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_pixel_shader(displayio_tilegrid_t *se
 
 void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_pixel_shader(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, mp_obj_t pixel_shader) {
     self->pixel_shader = pixel_shader;
-    self->needs_refresh = true;
+    self->full_change = true;
 }
 
-
 uint16_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_width(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
     return self->width_in_tiles;
 }
@@ -129,17 +212,77 @@ void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_tile(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, uint16_t
         return;
     }
     tiles[y * self->width_in_tiles + x] = tile_index;
-    self->needs_refresh = true;
+    displayio_area_t temp_area;
+    displayio_area_t* tile_area;
+    if (!self->partial_change) {
+        tile_area = &self->dirty_area;
+    } else {
+        tile_area = &temp_area;
+    }
+    tile_area->x1 = x * self->tile_width;
+    tile_area->x2 = tile_area->x1 + self->tile_width;
+    tile_area->y1 = y * self->tile_height;
+    tile_area->y2 = tile_area->y1 + self->tile_height;
+    if (self->partial_change) {
+        displayio_area_expand(&self->dirty_area, &temp_area);
+    }
+
+    self->partial_change = true;
+}
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_x(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
+    return self->flip_x;
+}
+
+void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_x(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, bool flip_x) {
+    if (self->flip_x == flip_x) {
+        return;
+    }
+    self->flip_x = flip_x;
+    self->full_change = true;
+}
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_flip_y(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
+    return self->flip_y;
+}
+
+void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_flip_y(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, bool flip_y) {
+    if (self->flip_y == flip_y) {
+        return;
+    }
+    self->flip_y = flip_y;
+    self->full_change = true;
 }
 
+bool common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_transpose_xy(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
+    return self->transpose_xy;
+}
+
+void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_transpose_xy(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, bool transpose_xy) {
+    if (self->transpose_xy == transpose_xy) {
+        return;
+    }
+    self->transpose_xy = transpose_xy;
+
+    // Square TileGrids do not change dimensions when transposed.
+    if (self->pixel_width == self->pixel_height) {
+        self->full_change = true;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    _update_current_x(self);
+    _update_current_y(self);
+
+    self->moved = true;
+}
 
 void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_top_left(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, uint16_t x, uint16_t y) {
     self->top_left_x = x;
     self->top_left_y = y;
-    self->needs_refresh = true;
+    self->full_change = true;
 }
 
-bool displayio_tilegrid_get_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_buffer_transform_t* transform, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer) {
+bool displayio_tilegrid_fill_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer) {
     // If no tiles are present we have no impact.
     uint8_t* tiles = self->tiles;
     if (self->inline_tiles) {
@@ -150,28 +293,28 @@ bool displayio_tilegrid_get_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_buffer_tr
     }
 
     displayio_area_t overlap;
-    displayio_area_t scaled_area = {
-        .x1 = self->area.x1 * transform->scale,
-        .y1 = self->area.y1 * transform->scale,
-        .x2 = self->area.x2 * transform->scale,
-        .y2 = self->area.y2 * transform->scale
-    };
-    if (!displayio_area_compute_overlap(area, &scaled_area, &overlap)) {
+    if (!displayio_area_compute_overlap(area, &self->current_area, &overlap)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     int16_t x_stride = 1;
     int16_t y_stride = displayio_area_width(area);
-    if (transform->transpose_xy) {
-        x_stride = displayio_area_height(area);
-        y_stride = 1;
+
+    bool flip_x = self->flip_x;
+    bool flip_y = self->flip_y;
+    if (self->transpose_xy != self->absolute_transform->transpose_xy) {
+        bool temp_flip = flip_x;
+        flip_x = flip_y;
+        flip_y = temp_flip;
     }
+
+    // How many pixels are outside of our area between us and the start of the row.
     uint16_t start = 0;
-    if (transform->mirror_x) {
+    if ((self->absolute_transform->dx < 0) != flip_x) {
         start += (area->x2 - area->x1 - 1) * x_stride;
         x_stride *= -1;
     }
-    if (transform->mirror_y) {
+    if ((self->absolute_transform->dy < 0) != flip_y) {
         start += (area->y2 - area->y1 - 1) * y_stride;
         y_stride *= -1;
     }
@@ -185,25 +328,49 @@ bool displayio_tilegrid_get_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_buffer_tr
 
     // TODO(tannewt): Check to see if the pixel_shader has any transparency. If it doesn't then we
     // can either return full coverage or bulk update the mask.
-    int16_t y = overlap.y1 - scaled_area.y1;
-    if (y < 0) {
-        y = 0;
-    }
-    int16_t x_shift = area->x1 - scaled_area.x1;
-    int16_t y_shift = area->y1 - scaled_area.y1;
-    for (; y < overlap.y2 - scaled_area.y1; y++) {
-        int16_t x = overlap.x1 - scaled_area.x1;
-        if (x < 0) {
-            x = 0;
-        }
-        int16_t row_start = start + (y - y_shift) * y_stride;
-        int16_t local_y = y / transform->scale;
-        for (; x < overlap.x2 - scaled_area.x1; x++) {
+    displayio_area_t transformed;
+    displayio_area_transform_within(flip_x != (self->absolute_transform->dx < 0), flip_y != (self->absolute_transform->dy < 0), self->transpose_xy != self->absolute_transform->transpose_xy,
+                                    &overlap,
+                                    &self->current_area,
+                                    &transformed);
+
+    int16_t start_x = (transformed.x1 - self->current_area.x1);
+    int16_t end_x = (transformed.x2 - self->current_area.x1);
+    int16_t start_y = (transformed.y1 - self->current_area.y1);
+    int16_t end_y = (transformed.y2 - self->current_area.y1);
+
+    int16_t y_shift = 0;
+    int16_t x_shift = 0;
+    if ((self->absolute_transform->dx < 0) != flip_x) {
+        x_shift = area->x2 - overlap.x2;
+    } else {
+        x_shift = overlap.x1 - area->x1;
+    }
+    if ((self->absolute_transform->dy < 0) != flip_y) {
+        y_shift = area->y2 - overlap.y2;
+    } else {
+        y_shift = overlap.y1 - area->y1;
+    }
+
+    // This untransposes x and y so it aligns with bitmap rows.
+    if (self->transpose_xy != self->absolute_transform->transpose_xy) {
+        int16_t temp_stride = x_stride;
+        x_stride = y_stride;
+        y_stride = temp_stride;
+        int16_t temp_shift = x_shift;
+        x_shift = y_shift;
+        y_shift = temp_shift;
+    }
+
+    for (int16_t y = start_y; y < end_y; y++) {
+        int16_t row_start = start + (y - start_y + y_shift) * y_stride;
+        int16_t local_y = y / self->absolute_transform->scale;
+        for (int16_t x = start_x; x < end_x; x++) {
             // Compute the destination pixel in the buffer and mask based on the transformations.
-            uint16_t offset = row_start + (x - x_shift) * x_stride;
+            int16_t offset = row_start + (x - start_x + x_shift) * x_stride;
 
             // This is super useful for debugging out range accesses. Uncomment to use.
-            // if (offset < 0 || offset >= displayio_area_size(area)) {
+            // if (offset < 0 || offset >= (int32_t) displayio_area_size(area)) {
             //     asm("bkpt");
             // }
 
@@ -211,7 +378,7 @@ bool displayio_tilegrid_get_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_buffer_tr
             if ((mask[offset / 32] & (1 << (offset % 32))) != 0) {
                 continue;
             }
-            int16_t local_x = x / transform->scale;
+            int16_t local_x = x / self->absolute_transform->scale;
             uint16_t tile_location = ((local_y / self->tile_height + self->top_left_y) % self->height_in_tiles) * self->width_in_tiles + (local_x / self->tile_width + self->top_left_x) % self->width_in_tiles;
             uint8_t tile = tiles[tile_location];
             uint16_t tile_x = (tile % self->bitmap_width_in_tiles) * self->tile_width + local_x % self->tile_width;
@@ -252,20 +419,15 @@ bool displayio_tilegrid_get_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_buffer_tr
     return full_coverage;
 }
 
-bool displayio_tilegrid_needs_refresh(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
-    if (self->needs_refresh) {
-        return true;
-    } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(self->pixel_shader, &displayio_palette_type)) {
-        return displayio_palette_needs_refresh(self->pixel_shader);
-    } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(self->pixel_shader, &displayio_colorconverter_type)) {
-        return displayio_colorconverter_needs_refresh(self->pixel_shader);
+void displayio_tilegrid_finish_refresh(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
+    if (self->moved || self->first_draw) {
+        displayio_area_copy(&self->current_area, &self->previous_area);
     }
 
-    return false;
-}
-
-void displayio_tilegrid_finish_refresh(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
-    self->needs_refresh = false;
+    self->moved = false;
+    self->full_change = false;
+    self->partial_change = false;
+    self->first_draw = false;
     if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(self->pixel_shader, &displayio_palette_type)) {
         displayio_palette_finish_refresh(self->pixel_shader);
     } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(self->pixel_shader, &displayio_colorconverter_type)) {
@@ -274,3 +436,58 @@ void displayio_tilegrid_finish_refresh(displayio_tilegrid_t *self) {
     // TODO(tannewt): We could double buffer changes to position and move them over here.
     // That way they won't change during a refresh and tear.
 }
+
+displayio_area_t* displayio_tilegrid_get_refresh_areas(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_area_t* tail) {
+    if (self->moved && !self->first_draw) {
+        displayio_area_union(&self->previous_area, &self->current_area, &self->dirty_area);
+        if (displayio_area_size(&self->dirty_area) <= 2 * self->pixel_width * self->pixel_height) {
+            self->dirty_area.next = tail;
+            return &self->dirty_area;
+        }
+        self->previous_area.next = tail;
+        self->current_area.next = &self->previous_area;
+        return &self->current_area;
+    }
+
+    // We must recheck if our sources require a refresh because needs_refresh may or may not have
+    // been called.
+    self->full_change = self->full_change ||
+        (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(self->pixel_shader, &displayio_palette_type) &&
+         displayio_palette_needs_refresh(self->pixel_shader)) ||
+        (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(self->pixel_shader, &displayio_colorconverter_type) &&
+         displayio_colorconverter_needs_refresh(self->pixel_shader));
+    if (self->full_change || self->first_draw) {
+        self->current_area.next = tail;
+        return &self->current_area;
+    }
+
+    if (self->partial_change) {
+        if (self->absolute_transform->transpose_xy) {
+            int16_t x1 = self->dirty_area.x1;
+            self->dirty_area.x1 = self->absolute_transform->x + self->absolute_transform->dx * (self->y + self->dirty_area.y1);
+            self->dirty_area.y1 = self->absolute_transform->y + self->absolute_transform->dy * (self->x + x1);
+            int16_t x2 = self->dirty_area.x2;
+            self->dirty_area.x2 = self->absolute_transform->x + self->absolute_transform->dx * (self->y + self->dirty_area.y2);
+            self->dirty_area.y2 = self->absolute_transform->y + self->absolute_transform->dy * (self->x + x2);
+        } else {
+            self->dirty_area.x1 = self->absolute_transform->x + self->absolute_transform->dx * (self->x + self->dirty_area.x1);
+            self->dirty_area.y1 = self->absolute_transform->y + self->absolute_transform->dy * (self->y + self->dirty_area.y1);
+            self->dirty_area.x2 = self->absolute_transform->x + self->absolute_transform->dx * (self->x + self->dirty_area.x2);
+            self->dirty_area.y2 = self->absolute_transform->y + self->absolute_transform->dy * (self->y + self->dirty_area.y2);
+        }
+        if (self->dirty_area.y2 < self->dirty_area.y1) {
+            int16_t temp = self->dirty_area.y2;
+            self->dirty_area.y2 = self->dirty_area.y1;
+            self->dirty_area.y1 = temp;
+        }
+        if (self->dirty_area.x2 < self->dirty_area.x1) {
+            int16_t temp = self->dirty_area.x2;
+            self->dirty_area.x2 = self->dirty_area.x1;
+            self->dirty_area.x1 = temp;
+        }
+
+        self->dirty_area.next = tail;
+        return &self->dirty_area;
+    }
+    return tail;
+}
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.h b/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.h
index 6157dfbe8..4d97eccc2 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.h
@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ typedef struct {
     mp_obj_base_t base;
     mp_obj_t bitmap;
     mp_obj_t pixel_shader;
-    displayio_area_t area;
+    int16_t x;
+    int16_t y;
+    uint16_t pixel_width;
+    uint16_t pixel_height;
     uint16_t bitmap_width_in_tiles;
     uint16_t width_in_tiles;
     uint16_t height_in_tiles;
@@ -46,12 +49,34 @@ typedef struct {
     uint16_t top_left_x;
     uint16_t top_left_y;
     uint8_t* tiles;
-    bool needs_refresh;
+    const displayio_buffer_transform_t* absolute_transform;
+    displayio_area_t dirty_area; // Stored as a relative area until the refresh area is fetched.
+    displayio_area_t previous_area; // Stored as an absolute area.
+    displayio_area_t current_area; // Stored as an absolute area so it applies across frames.
+    bool partial_change;
+    bool full_change;
+    bool first_draw;
+    bool moved;
     bool inline_tiles;
+    bool in_group;
+    bool flip_x;
+    bool flip_y;
+    bool transpose_xy;
 } displayio_tilegrid_t;
 
-bool displayio_tilegrid_get_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_buffer_transform_t* transform, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer);
-bool displayio_tilegrid_needs_refresh(displayio_tilegrid_t *self);
+// Updating the screen is a three stage process.
+
+// The first stage is used to determine i
+displayio_area_t* displayio_tilegrid_get_refresh_areas(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_area_t* tail);
+
+// Area is always in absolute screen coordinates. Update transform is used to inform TileGrids how
+// they relate to it.
+bool displayio_tilegrid_fill_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer);
+void displayio_tilegrid_update_transform(displayio_tilegrid_t *group, const displayio_buffer_transform_t* parent_transform);
+
+// Fills in area with the maximum bounds of all related pixels in the last rendered frame. Returns
+// false if the tilegrid wasn't rendered in the last frame.
+bool displayio_tilegrid_get_previous_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, displayio_area_t* area);
 void displayio_tilegrid_finish_refresh(displayio_tilegrid_t *self);
 
 #endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_TILEGRID_H
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/__init__.c b/shared-module/displayio/__init__.c
index 35bdad8fe..b6709e0eb 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/__init__.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/__init__.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
+
 #include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
 
 #include "lib/utils/interrupt_char.h"
@@ -19,14 +20,83 @@
 
 primary_display_t displays[CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT];
 
-static inline void swap(int16_t* a, int16_t* b) {
-    int16_t temp = *a;
-    *a = *b;
-    *b = temp;
+bool refresh_area(displayio_display_obj_t* display, const displayio_area_t* area) {
+    uint16_t buffer_size = 512;
+
+    displayio_area_t clipped;
+    // Clip the area to the display by overlapping the areas. If there is no overlap then we're done.
+    if (!displayio_display_clip_area(display, area, &clipped)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    uint16_t subrectangles = 1;
+    uint16_t rows_per_buffer = displayio_area_height(&clipped);
+    if (displayio_area_size(area) > buffer_size) {
+        rows_per_buffer = buffer_size / displayio_area_width(&clipped);
+        subrectangles = displayio_area_height(&clipped) / rows_per_buffer;
+        if (displayio_area_height(&clipped) % rows_per_buffer != 0) {
+            subrectangles++;
+        }
+        buffer_size = rows_per_buffer * displayio_area_width(&clipped);
+    }
+    uint32_t buffer[buffer_size / 2];
+    uint16_t remaining_rows = displayio_area_height(&clipped);
+
+    for (uint16_t j = 0; j < subrectangles; j++) {
+        displayio_area_t subrectangle = {
+            .x1 = clipped.x1,
+            .y1 = clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * j,
+            .x2 = clipped.x2,
+            .y2 = clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * (j + 1)
+        };
+        if (remaining_rows < rows_per_buffer) {
+            subrectangle.y2 = subrectangle.y1 + remaining_rows;
+        }
+        remaining_rows -= rows_per_buffer;
+
+        displayio_display_begin_transaction(display);
+        displayio_display_set_region_to_update(display, subrectangle.x1, subrectangle.y1,
+                                                        subrectangle.x2, subrectangle.y2);
+        displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
+
+        uint32_t mask[(buffer_size / 32) + 1];
+        for (uint16_t k = 0; k < (buffer_size / 32) + 1; k++) {
+            mask[k] = 0x00000000;
+        }
+
+        bool full_coverage = displayio_display_fill_area(display, &subrectangle, mask, buffer);
+        if (!full_coverage) {
+            uint32_t index = 0;
+            uint32_t current_mask = 0;
+            for (int16_t y = subrectangle.y1; y < subrectangle.y2; y++) {
+                for (int16_t x = subrectangle.x1; x < subrectangle.x2; x++) {
+                    if (index % 32 == 0) {
+                        current_mask = mask[index / 32];
+                    }
+                    if ((current_mask & (1 << (index % 32))) == 0) {
+                        ((uint16_t*) buffer)[index] = 0x0000;
+                    }
+                    index++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!displayio_display_begin_transaction(display)) {
+            // Can't acquire display bus; skip the rest of the data. Try next display.
+            return false;
+        }
+        displayio_display_send_pixels(display, (uint8_t*) buffer, displayio_area_size(&subrectangle) * sizeof(uint16_t));
+        displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
+
+        // TODO(tannewt): Make refresh displays faster so we don't starve other
+        // background tasks.
+        usb_background();
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
 // Check for recursive calls to displayio_refresh_displays.
 bool refresh_displays_in_progress = false;
+uint32_t frame_count = 0;
 
 void displayio_refresh_displays(void) {
     if (mp_hal_is_interrupted()) {
@@ -57,115 +127,19 @@ void displayio_refresh_displays(void) {
             // Too soon. Try next display.
             continue;
         }
-        if (displayio_display_refresh_queued(display)) {
-            if (!displayio_display_begin_transaction(display)) {
-                // Can't acquire display bus; skip updating this display. Try next display.
-                continue;
-            }
-            displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
-
-            displayio_area_t whole_screen = {
-                .x1 = 0,
-                .y1 = 0,
-                .x2 = display->width,
-                .y2 = display->height
-            };
-            if (display->transpose_xy) {
-                swap(&whole_screen.x2, &whole_screen.y2);
-            }
-
-            uint16_t buffer_size = 512;
-
-            uint16_t subrectangles = 1;
-            uint16_t rows_per_buffer = displayio_area_height(&whole_screen);
-            if (displayio_area_size(&whole_screen) > buffer_size) {
-                rows_per_buffer = buffer_size / displayio_area_width(&whole_screen);
-                subrectangles = displayio_area_height(&whole_screen) / rows_per_buffer;
-                buffer_size = rows_per_buffer * displayio_area_width(&whole_screen);
-            }
-            uint32_t buffer[buffer_size / 2];
-
-            for (uint16_t j = 0; j < subrectangles; j++) {
-                displayio_area_t subrectangle = {
-                    .x1 = 0,
-                    .y1 = rows_per_buffer * j,
-                    .x2 = displayio_area_width(&whole_screen),
-                    .y2 = rows_per_buffer * (j + 1)
-                };
-
-                displayio_display_begin_transaction(display);
-                displayio_display_set_region_to_update(display, subrectangle.x1, subrectangle.y1,
-                                                                subrectangle.x2, subrectangle.y2);
-                displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
-
-                // Handle display mirroring and transpose.
-                displayio_area_t transformed_subrectangle;
-                displayio_buffer_transform_t transform;
-                if (display->mirror_x) {
-                    uint16_t width = displayio_area_width(&whole_screen);
-                    transformed_subrectangle.x1 = width - subrectangle.x2;
-                    transformed_subrectangle.x2 = width - subrectangle.x1;
-                } else {
-                    transformed_subrectangle.x1 = subrectangle.x1;
-                    transformed_subrectangle.x2 = subrectangle.x2;
-                }
-                if (display->mirror_y != display->transpose_xy) {
-                    uint16_t height = displayio_area_height(&whole_screen);
-                    transformed_subrectangle.y1 = height - subrectangle.y2;
-                    transformed_subrectangle.y2 = height - subrectangle.y1;
-                } else {
-                    transformed_subrectangle.y1 = subrectangle.y1;
-                    transformed_subrectangle.y2 = subrectangle.y2;
-                }
-                transform.width = transformed_subrectangle.x2 - transformed_subrectangle.x1;
-                transform.height = transformed_subrectangle.y2 - transformed_subrectangle.y1;
-                if (display->transpose_xy) {
-                    int16_t y1 = transformed_subrectangle.y1;
-                    int16_t y2 = transformed_subrectangle.y2;
-                    transformed_subrectangle.y1 = transformed_subrectangle.x1;
-                    transformed_subrectangle.y2 = transformed_subrectangle.x2;
-                    transformed_subrectangle.x1 = y1;
-                    transformed_subrectangle.x2 = y2;
-                }
-                transform.transpose_xy = display->transpose_xy;
-                transform.mirror_x = display->mirror_x;
-                transform.mirror_y = display->mirror_y;
-                transform.scale = 1;
-
-                uint32_t mask[(buffer_size / 32) + 1];
-                for (uint16_t k = 0; k < (buffer_size / 32) + 1; k++) {
-                    mask[k] = 0x00000000;
-                }
-                bool full_coverage = displayio_group_get_area(display->current_group, &transform, &transformed_subrectangle, mask, buffer);
-                if (!full_coverage) {
-                    uint32_t index = 0;
-                    uint32_t current_mask = 0;
-                    for (int16_t y = subrectangle.y1; y < subrectangle.y2; y++) {
-                        for (int16_t x = subrectangle.x1; x < subrectangle.x2; x++) {
-                            if (index % 32 == 0) {
-                                current_mask = mask[index / 32];
-                            }
-                            if ((current_mask & (1 << (index % 32))) == 0) {
-                                ((uint16_t*) buffer)[index] = 0x0000;
-                            }
-                            index++;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (!displayio_display_begin_transaction(display)) {
-                    // Can't acquire display bus; skip the rest of the data. Try next display.
-                    break;
-                }
-                displayio_display_send_pixels(display, buffer, buffer_size / 2);
-                displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
-
-                // TODO(tannewt): Make refresh displays faster so we don't starve other
-                // background tasks.
-                usb_background();
-            }
+        if (!displayio_display_begin_transaction(display)) {
+            // Can't acquire display bus; skip updating this display. Try next display.
+            continue;
+        }
+        displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
+        displayio_display_start_refresh(display);
+        const displayio_area_t* current_area = displayio_display_get_refresh_areas(display);
+        while (current_area != NULL) {
+            refresh_area(display, current_area);
+            current_area = current_area->next;
         }
         displayio_display_finish_refresh(display);
+        frame_count++;
     }
 
     // All done.
@@ -244,6 +218,35 @@ void displayio_gc_collect(void) {
     }
 }
 
+void displayio_area_expand(displayio_area_t* original, const displayio_area_t* addition) {
+    if (addition->x1 < original->x1) {
+        original->x1 = addition->x1;
+    }
+    if (addition->y1 < original->y1) {
+        original->y1 = addition->y1;
+    }
+    if (addition->x2 > original->x2) {
+        original->x2 = addition->x2;
+    }
+    if (addition->y2 > original->y2) {
+        original->y2 = addition->y2;
+    }
+}
+
+void displayio_area_copy(const displayio_area_t* src, displayio_area_t* dst) {
+    dst->x1 = src->x1;
+    dst->y1 = src->y1;
+    dst->x2 = src->x2;
+    dst->y2 = src->y2;
+}
+
+void displayio_area_scale(displayio_area_t* area, uint16_t scale) {
+    area->x1 *= scale;
+    area->y1 *= scale;
+    area->x2 *= scale;
+    area->y2 *= scale;
+}
+
 void displayio_area_shift(displayio_area_t* area, int16_t dx, int16_t dy) {
     area->x1 += dx;
     area->y1 += dy;
@@ -262,7 +265,7 @@ bool displayio_area_compute_overlap(const displayio_area_t* a,
     if (b->x2 < overlap->x2) {
         overlap->x2 = b->x2;
     }
-    if (overlap->x1 > overlap->x2) {
+    if (overlap->x1 >= overlap->x2) {
         return false;
     }
     overlap->y1 = a->y1;
@@ -273,12 +276,34 @@ bool displayio_area_compute_overlap(const displayio_area_t* a,
     if (b->y2 < overlap->y2) {
         overlap->y2 = b->y2;
     }
-    if (overlap->y1 > overlap->y2) {
+    if (overlap->y1 >= overlap->y2) {
         return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
+void displayio_area_union(const displayio_area_t* a,
+                          const displayio_area_t* b,
+                          displayio_area_t* u) {
+    u->x1 = a->x1;
+    if (b->x1 < u->x1) {
+        u->x1 = b->x1;
+    }
+    u->x2 = a->x2;
+    if (b->x2 > u->x2) {
+        u->x2 = b->x2;
+    }
+
+    u->y1 = a->y1;
+    if (b->y1 < u->y1) {
+        u->y1 = b->y1;
+    }
+    u->y2 = a->y2;
+    if (b->y2 > u->y2) {
+        u->y2 = b->y2;
+    }
+}
+
 uint16_t displayio_area_width(const displayio_area_t* area) {
     return area->x2 - area->x1;
 }
@@ -297,3 +322,32 @@ bool displayio_area_equal(const displayio_area_t* a, const displayio_area_t* b)
            a->x2 == b->x2 &&
            a->y2 == b->y2;
 }
+
+// Original and whole must be in the same coordinate space.
+void displayio_area_transform_within(bool mirror_x, bool mirror_y, bool transpose_xy,
+                                     const displayio_area_t* original,
+                                     const displayio_area_t* whole,
+                                     displayio_area_t* transformed) {
+    if (mirror_x) {
+        transformed->x1 = whole->x1 + (whole->x2 - original->x2);
+        transformed->x2 = whole->x2 - (original->x1 - whole->x1);
+    } else {
+        transformed->x1 = original->x1;
+        transformed->x2 = original->x2;
+    }
+    if (mirror_y) {
+        transformed->y1 = whole->y1 + (whole->y2 - original->y2);
+        transformed->y2 = whole->y2 - (original->y1 - whole->y1);
+    } else {
+        transformed->y1 = original->y1;
+        transformed->y2 = original->y2;
+    }
+    if (transpose_xy) {
+        int16_t y1 = transformed->y1;
+        int16_t y2 = transformed->y2;
+        transformed->y1 = whole->y1 + (transformed->x1 - whole->x1);
+        transformed->y2 = whole->y1 + (transformed->x2 - whole->x1);
+        transformed->x2 = whole->x1 + (y2 - whole->y1);
+        transformed->x1 = whole->x1 + (y1 - whole->y1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/area.h b/shared-module/displayio/area.h
index 9db57e13f..ec7c389b4 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/area.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/area.h
@@ -28,23 +28,35 @@
 #define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_AREA_H
 
 // Implementations are in __init__.c
+typedef struct _displayio_area_t displayio_area_t;
 
-typedef struct {
+struct _displayio_area_t {
     int16_t x1;
     int16_t y1;
     int16_t x2; // Second point is exclusive.
     int16_t y2;
-} displayio_area_t;
+    const displayio_area_t* next; // Next area in the linked list.
+};
 
 typedef struct {
+    uint16_t x;
+    uint16_t y;
+    int8_t dx;
+    int8_t dy;
+    uint8_t scale;
     uint16_t width;
     uint16_t height;
-    uint8_t scale;
     bool mirror_x;
     bool mirror_y;
     bool transpose_xy;
 } displayio_buffer_transform_t;
 
+void displayio_area_union(const displayio_area_t* a,
+                          const displayio_area_t* b,
+                          displayio_area_t* u);
+void displayio_area_expand(displayio_area_t* original, const displayio_area_t* addition);
+void displayio_area_copy(const displayio_area_t* src, displayio_area_t* dst);
+void displayio_area_scale(displayio_area_t* area, uint16_t scale);
 void displayio_area_shift(displayio_area_t* area, int16_t dx, int16_t dy);
 bool displayio_area_compute_overlap(const displayio_area_t* a,
                                     const displayio_area_t* b,
@@ -53,5 +65,9 @@ uint16_t displayio_area_width(const displayio_area_t* area);
 uint16_t displayio_area_height(const displayio_area_t* area);
 uint32_t displayio_area_size(const displayio_area_t* area);
 bool displayio_area_equal(const displayio_area_t* a, const displayio_area_t* b);
+void displayio_area_transform_within(bool mirror_x, bool mirror_y, bool transpose_xy,
+                                     const displayio_area_t* original,
+                                     const displayio_area_t* whole,
+                                     displayio_area_t* transformed);
 
 #endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_AREA_H
diff --git a/supervisor/shared/display.c b/supervisor/shared/display.c
index 5eab74e16..c3afb3e00 100644
--- a/supervisor/shared/display.c
+++ b/supervisor/shared/display.c
@@ -50,6 +50,10 @@ void supervisor_start_terminal(uint16_t width_px, uint16_t height_px) {
     }
     width_in_tiles = (width_px - blinka_bitmap.width * scale) / (grid->tile_width * scale);
     uint16_t height_in_tiles = height_px / (grid->tile_height * scale);
+    uint16_t remaining_pixels = height_px % (grid->tile_height * scale);
+    if (remaining_pixels > 0) {
+        height_in_tiles += 1;
+    }
     circuitpython_splash.scale = scale;
 
     uint16_t total_tiles = width_in_tiles * height_in_tiles;
@@ -67,11 +71,13 @@ void supervisor_start_terminal(uint16_t width_px, uint16_t height_px) {
     if (tiles == NULL) {
         return;
     }
-
+    if (remaining_pixels > 0) {
+        grid->y -= (grid->tile_height - remaining_pixels);
+    }
     grid->width_in_tiles = width_in_tiles;
     grid->height_in_tiles = height_in_tiles;
-    grid->area.x2 = grid->area.x1 + width_in_tiles * grid->tile_width;
-    grid->area.y2 = grid->area.y1 + height_in_tiles * grid->tile_height;
+    grid->pixel_width = width_in_tiles * grid->tile_width;
+    grid->pixel_height = height_in_tiles * grid->tile_height;
     grid->tiles = tiles;
 
     supervisor_terminal.cursor_x = 0;
@@ -157,12 +163,10 @@ displayio_tilegrid_t blinka_sprite = {
     .base = {.type = &displayio_tilegrid_type },
     .bitmap = &blinka_bitmap,
     .pixel_shader = &blinka_palette,
-    .area = {
-        .x1 = 0,
-        .y1 = 0,
-        .x2 = 16,
-        .y2 = 16
-    },
+    .x = 0,
+    .y = 0,
+    .pixel_width = 16,
+    .pixel_height = 16,
     .bitmap_width_in_tiles = 1,
     .width_in_tiles = 1,
     .height_in_tiles = 1,
@@ -171,8 +175,12 @@ displayio_tilegrid_t blinka_sprite = {
     .top_left_x = 16,
     .top_left_y = 16,
     .tiles = 0,
-    .needs_refresh = false,
-    .inline_tiles = true
+    .partial_change = false,
+    .full_change = false,
+    .first_draw = true,
+    .moved = false,
+    .inline_tiles = true,
+    .in_group = true
 };
 
 displayio_group_child_t splash_children[2] = {
@@ -188,5 +196,5 @@ displayio_group_t circuitpython_splash = {
     .size = 2,
     .max_size = 2,
     .children = splash_children,
-    .needs_refresh = true
+    .item_removed = false
 };
diff --git a/tools/gen_display_resources.py b/tools/gen_display_resources.py
index b1fd04831..7b28c3105 100644
--- a/tools/gen_display_resources.py
+++ b/tools/gen_display_resources.py
@@ -120,20 +120,22 @@ displayio_tilegrid_t supervisor_terminal_text_grid = {{
     .base = {{ .type = &displayio_tilegrid_type }},
     .bitmap = (displayio_bitmap_t*) &supervisor_terminal_font_bitmap,
     .pixel_shader = &supervisor_terminal_color,
-    .area = {{
-        .x1 = 16,
-        .y1 = 0,
-        .x2 = {1} + 16,
-        .y2 = {2},
-    }},
+    .x = 16,
+    .y = 0,
+    .pixel_width = {1},
+    .pixel_height = {2},
     .bitmap_width_in_tiles = {0},
     .width_in_tiles = 1,
     .height_in_tiles = 1,
     .tile_width = {1},
     .tile_height = {2},
     .tiles = NULL,
-    .needs_refresh = false,
-    .inline_tiles = false
+    .partial_change = false,
+    .full_change = false,
+    .first_draw = true,
+    .moved = false,
+    .inline_tiles = false,
+    .in_group = true
 }};
 """.format(len(all_characters), tile_x, tile_y))