Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/adafruit/circuitpython into mixer_voice

108 files changed, 3236 insertions, 973 deletions

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b5915feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+name: Build CI
+
+on: [push, pull_request, release]
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-16.04
+    steps:
+    - name: Dump GitHub context
+      env:
+        GITHUB_CONTEXT: ${{ toJson(github) }}
+      run: echo "$GITHUB_CONTEXT"
+    - name: Fail if not a release publish # workaround has `on` doesn't have this filter
+      run: exit 1
+      if: github.event_name == 'release' && (github.event.action != 'published' && github.event.action != 'rerequested')
+    - name: Set up Python 3.5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.5
+    - name: Install deps
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get install -y gettext librsvg2-bin
+        pip install requests sh click setuptools cpp-coveralls Sphinx sphinx-rtd-theme recommonmark sphinxcontrib-svg2pdfconverter polib pyyaml
+    - name: Versions
+      run: |
+        gcc --version
+        python3 --version
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      with:
+        submodules: true
+    - name: CircuitPython version
+      run: git describe --dirty --always --tags
+    - name: Build mpy-cross
+      run: make -C mpy-cross -j2
+    - name: Build unix port
+      run: |
+        make -C ports/unix deplibs -j2
+        make -C ports/unix -j2
+        make -C ports/unix coverage -j2
+    - name: Test all
+      run: MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.5 MICROPY_MICROPYTHON=../ports/unix/micropython_coverage ./run-tests -j1
+      working-directory: tests
+    - name: Print failure info
+      run: |
+        for exp in *.exp;
+        do testbase=$(basename $exp .exp);
+        echo -e "\nFAILURE $testbase";
+        diff -u $testbase.exp $testbase.out;
+        done
+      working-directory: tests
+      if: failure()
+    - name: Test threads
+      run: MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.5 MICROPY_MICROPYTHON=../ports/unix/micropython_coverage ./run-tests -j1 -d thread
+      working-directory: tests
+    - name: Native Tests
+      run: MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.5 MICROPY_MICROPYTHON=../ports/unix/micropython_coverage ./run-tests -j1 --emit native
+      working-directory: tests
+    - name: mpy Tests
+      run: MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.5 MICROPY_MICROPYTHON=../ports/unix/micropython_coverage ./run-tests -j1 --via-mpy -d basics float
+      working-directory: tests
+    - name: Docs
+      run: sphinx-build -E -W -b html . _build/html
+    - name: Translations
+      run: make check-translate
+    - name: New boards check
+      run: python3 -u ci_new_boards_check.py
+      working-directory: tools
+
+  build-arm:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-16.04
+    needs: test
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        board:
+        - "arduino_mkr1300"
+        - "arduino_mkrzero"
+        - "arduino_zero"
+        - "bast_pro_mini_m0"
+        - "capablerobot_usbhub"
+        - "catwan_usbstick"
+        - "circuitplayground_bluefruit"
+        - "circuitplayground_express"
+        - "circuitplayground_express_crickit"
+        - "cp32-m4"
+        - "datalore_ip_m4"
+        - "datum_distance"
+        - "datum_imu"
+        - "datum_light"
+        - "datum_weather"
+        - "electronut_labs_blip"
+        - "electronut_labs_papyr"
+        - "escornabot_makech"
+        - "feather_m0_adalogger"
+        - "feather_m0_basic"
+        - "feather_m0_express"
+        - "feather_m0_express_crickit"
+        - "feather_m0_rfm69"
+        - "feather_m0_rfm9x"
+        - "feather_m0_supersized"
+        - "feather_m4_express"
+        - "feather_nrf52840_express"
+        - "feather_radiofruit_zigbee"
+        - "gemma_m0"
+        - "grandcentral_m4_express"
+        - "hallowing_m0_express"
+        - "hallowing_m4_express"
+        - "itsybitsy_m0_express"
+        - "itsybitsy_m4_express"
+        - "kicksat-sprite"
+        - "makerdiary_nrf52840_mdk"
+        - "makerdiary_nrf52840_mdk_usb_dongle"
+        - "meowmeow"
+        - "metro_m0_express"
+        - "metro_m4_airlift_lite"
+        - "metro_m4_express"
+        - "metro_nrf52840_express"
+        - "mini_sam_m4"
+        - "monster_m4sk"
+        - "particle_argon"
+        - "particle_boron"
+        - "particle_xenon"
+        - "pca10056"
+        - "pca10059"
+        - "pewpew10"
+        - "pirkey_m0"
+        - "pybadge"
+        - "pybadge_airlift"
+        - "pygamer"
+        - "pygamer_advance"
+        - "pyportal"
+        - "pyportal_titano"
+        - "pyruler"
+        - "robohatmm1_m0"
+        - "robohatmm1_m4"
+        - "sam32"
+        - "snekboard"
+        - "sparkfun_lumidrive"
+        - "sparkfun_nrf52840_mini"
+        - "sparkfun_redboard_turbo"
+        - "sparkfun_samd21_dev"
+        - "sparkfun_samd21_mini"
+        - "trellis_m4_express"
+        - "trinket_m0"
+        - "trinket_m0_haxpress"
+        - "uchip"
+        - "ugame10"
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Set up Python 3.5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.5
+    - name: Install deps
+      run: |
+        sudo apt-get install -y gettext
+        pip install requests sh click setuptools awscli
+        wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/adafruit-circuit-python/gcc-arm-embedded_7-2018q2-1~xenial1_amd64.deb && sudo dpkg -i gcc-arm-embedded*_amd64.deb
+    - name: Versions
+      run: |
+        gcc --version
+        arm-none-eabi-gcc --version
+        python3 --version
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      with:
+        submodules: true
+    - name: mpy-cross
+      run: make -C mpy-cross -j2
+    - name: build
+      run: python3 -u build_release_files.py
+      working-directory: tools
+      env:
+        BOARDS: ${{ matrix.board }}
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v1.0.0
+      with:
+        name: ${{ matrix.board }}
+        path: bin/${{ matrix.board }}
+    - name: Upload to S3
+      run: aws s3 cp bin/ s3://adafruit-circuit-python/bin/ --recursive --no-progress --region us-east-1
+      env:
+        AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
+        AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
+      if: github.event_name == 'push' || (github.event_name == 'release' && (github.event.action == 'published' || github.event.action == 'rerequested'))
+    - name: Install upload deps
+      run: |
+        pip install uritemplate
+    - name: Upload to Release
+      run: python3 -u upload_release_files.py
+      working-directory: tools
+      env:
+        UPLOAD_URL: ${{ github.event.release.upload_url }}
+        ADABOT_GITHUB_ACCESS_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      if: github.event_name == 'release' && (github.event.action == 'published' || github.event.action == 'rerequested')
diff --git a/.github/workflows/create_website_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/create_website_pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ba1110eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/create_website_pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+name: Update CircuitPython.org
+
+on: release
+
+jobs:
+  website:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - name: Dump GitHub context
+      env:
+        GITHUB_CONTEXT: ${{ toJson(github) }}
+      run: echo "$GITHUB_CONTEXT"
+    - name: Fail if not a release publish # workaround has `on` doesn't have this filter
+      run: exit 1
+      if: github.event.action != 'published'
+    - name: Set up Python 3.5
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+      with:
+        python-version: 3.5
+    - name: Install deps
+      run: |
+        pip install requests sh click 
+    - name: Versions
+      run: |
+        gcc --version
+        python3 --version
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      with:
+        submodules: true
+    - name: CircuitPython version
+      run: git describe --dirty --always --tags
+    - name: Website
+      run: python3 build_board_info.py
+      working-directory: tools
+      env:
+        RELEASE_TAG: ${{ github.event.release.tag_name }}
+        ADABOT_GITHUB_ACCESS_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ADABOT_GITHUB_ACCESS_TOKEN }}
+      if: github.event_name == 'release' && (github.event.action == 'published'  || github.event.action == 'rerequested')
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100755
index 9a058aa64..000000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-sudo: required
-dist: xenial
-language: c
-compiler:
-  - gcc
-git:
-  depth: 6
-
-# Each item under 'env' is a separate Travis job to execute.
-# They run in separate environments, so each one must take the time
-# to clone the repository and submodules; to download and install SDKs,
-# pip packages, and so forth.  By gathering activities together in optimal
-# ways, the "run time" and "total time" of the travis jobs can be minimized.
-#
-# Builds are organized so some will complete quickly, and others are of
-# approximately equal size. Try not to freeze out other Travis users.
-#
-# Board names are in alphabetical order for easy finding, but grouped by
-# Adafruit/modified-Adafruit and Other. Ideally they'd be separated into
-# separate jobs, but there are too many.
-#
-# When adding new boards, take a look on the travis CI page
-# https://travis-ci.org/adafruit/circuitpython to which build that installs
-# that SDK is shortest and add it there.  In the case of major re-organizations,
-# just try to make the builds "about equal in run time"
-env:
-  # Non-board tasks
-  - TRAVIS_TESTS="unix docs translations website" TRAVIS_BOARDS=""
-  # Adafruit and Nordic nRF boards
-  - TRAVIS_BOARDS="circuitplayground_bluefruit feather_nrf52840_express metro_nrf52840_express pca10056 pca10059" TRAVIS_SDK=arm
-  # Other nRF boards
-  - TRAVIS_BOARDS="electronut_labs_blip electronut_labs_papyr makerdiary_nrf52840_mdk makerdiary_nrf52840_mdk_usb_dongle particle_argon particle_boron particle_xenon sparkfun_nrf52840_mini" TRAVIS_SDK=arm
-  # Adafruit and modified Adafruit SAMD21 (M0) + Other SAMD21 (M0)
-  - TRAVIS_BOARDS="circuitplayground_express circuitplayground_express_crickit feather_m0_adalogger feather_m0_basic feather_m0_express feather_m0_express_crickit feather_m0_rfm69 feather_m0_rfm9x feather_m0_supersized feather_radiofruit_zigbee gemma_m0 hallowing_m0_express " TRAVIS_SDK=arm
-  - TRAVIS_BOARDS="itsybitsy_m0_express metro_m0_express pirkey_m0 pyruler trinket_m0 trinket_m0_haxpress arduino_mkr1300 arduino_mkrzero arduino_zero bast_pro_mini_m0 catwan_usbstick datum_distance datum_imu datum_weather" TRAVIS_SDK=arm
-  - TRAVIS_BOARDS="escornabot_makech meowmeow pewpew10 robohatmm1_m0 snekboard sparkfun_lumidrive sparkfun_redboard_turbo sparkfun_samd21_dev sparkfun_samd21_mini uchip ugame10" TRAVIS_SDK=arm
-  # Adafruit SAMD51 (M4) + Other SAMD51
-  - TRAVIS_BOARDS="feather_m4_express grandcentral_m4_express itsybitsy_m4_express metro_m4_airlift_lite metro_m4_express pybadge pybadge_airlift pygamer pygamer_advance" TRAVIS_SDK=arm
-  - TRAVIS_BOARDS="pyportal pyportal_titano trellis_m4_express capablerobot_usbhub cp32-m4 datalore_ip_m4 datum_light kicksat-sprite mini_sam_m4 robohatmm1_m4 sam32" TRAVIS_SDK=arm
-
-
-addons:
-  artifacts:
-    paths:
-    - $(ls -d1 bin/*/*/* | tr "\n" ":")
-    target_paths: /
-
-# Some deploy jobs take over 10 minutes so use this keep alive hack to make sure Travis doesn't kill us.
-before_deploy: |
-  function keep_alive() {
-    while true; do
-      echo -en "\a"
-      sleep 5
-    done
-  }
-  keep_alive &
-
-deploy:
-  provider: releases
-  api_key:
-    secure: "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"
-  file_glob: true
-  file: "$TRAVIS_BUILD_DIR/bin/*/*/*"
-  skip_cleanup: true
-  on:
-    tags: true
-
-notifications:
-  webhooks:
-    urls:
-      - https://rosie-ci.ngrok.io/travis
-    on_success: always
-    on_failure: always
-    on_start: always
-    on_cancel: always
-    on_error: always
-
-before_script:
-  # Expand the git tree back to 4.0.0-alpha.1 and then fetch the latest tag.
-  - LAST_TAG=`git ls-remote --quiet --tags --sort=version:refname | egrep -o "refs/tags/[0-9]+.*\$" | tail -n 1`
-  - git fetch --depth 1 origin $LAST_TAG:$LAST_TAG
-  - git describe --dirty --always --tags
-  - function var_search () { case "$1" in *$2*) true;; *) false;; esac; }
-  - sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386
-
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_SDK-}" arm || (wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/adafruit-circuit-python/gcc-arm-embedded_7-2018q2-1~xenial1_amd64.deb && sudo dpkg -i gcc-arm-embedded*_amd64.deb))
-
-  # For huzzah builds
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_SDK-}" esp8266 || (wget https://github.com/jepler/esp-open-sdk/releases/download/2018-06-10/xtensa-lx106-elf-standalone.tar.gz && tar -C .. -xaf xtensa-lx106-elf-standalone.tar.gz))
-  - if var_search "${TRAVIS_SDK-}" esp8266 ; then PATH=$(readlink -f ../xtensa-lx106-elf/bin):$PATH; fi
-
-  # For coverage testing (upgrade is used to get latest urllib3 version)
-  - sudo apt-get install -y python3-pip
-  - pip3 install --user sh click setuptools
-  - ([[ -z "$TRAVIS_TESTS" ]] || sudo pip install --upgrade cpp-coveralls)
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" docs || sudo apt-get install -y librsvg2-bin)
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" docs || pip3 install --user Sphinx sphinx-rtd-theme recommonmark sphinxcontrib-svg2pdfconverter)
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" translations || pip3 install --user polib)
-
-  # Check if there's any board missing in TRAVIS_BOARDS
-  - cd tools && python3 -u travis_new_boards_check.py
-  - cd ..
-
-  # report some good version numbers to the build
-  - gcc --version
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_SDK-}" arm || arm-none-eabi-gcc --version)
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_SDK-}" esp8266 || xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc --version)
-  - python3 --version
-
-script:
-  # Build mpy-cross first because other builds depend on it.
-  - echo 'Building mpy-cross' && echo 'travis_fold:start:mpy-cross'
-  - make -C mpy-cross -j2 ; S=$? ; echo $S > status ; (exit $S)
-  - echo 'travis_fold:end:mpy-cross' && tools/print_status.py status
-
-  # Use unbuffered output because building all the releases can take a long time.
-  # Travis will cancel the job if it sees no output for >10 minutes.
-  - cd tools && python3 -u build_release_files.py
-  - cd ..
-
-  - echo 'Building unix' && echo 'travis_fold:start:unix'
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" unix || (make -C ports/unix deplibs -j2 && make -C ports/unix -j2 && make -C ports/unix coverage -j2)) ; S=$? ; echo $S > status ; (exit $S)
-  - echo 'travis_fold:end:unix' && tools/print_status.py status
-
-  # run tests without coverage info
-  #- (cd tests && MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.4 ./run-tests -j1)
-  #- (cd tests && MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.4 ./run-tests -j1 --emit native)
-
-  # run tests with coverage info
-  - echo 'Test all' && echo 'travis_fold:start:test_all'
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" unix || (cd tests && MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.5 MICROPY_MICROPYTHON=../ports/unix/micropython_coverage ./run-tests -j1)) ; S=$? ; echo $S > status ; (exit $S)
-  - echo 'travis_fold:end:test_all' && tools/print_status.py status
-
-  - echo 'Test threads' && echo 'travis_fold:start:test_threads'
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" unix || (cd tests && MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.5 MICROPY_MICROPYTHON=../ports/unix/micropython_coverage ./run-tests -j1 -d thread)) ; S=$? ; echo $S > status ; (exit $S)
-  - echo 'travis_fold:end:test_threads' && tools/print_status.py status
-
-  - echo 'Testing with native' && echo 'travis_fold:start:test_native'
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" unix || (cd tests && MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.5 MICROPY_MICROPYTHON=../ports/unix/micropython_coverage ./run-tests -j1 --emit native)) ; S=$? ; echo $S > status ; (exit $S)
-  - echo 'travis_fold:end:test_native' && tools/print_status.py status
-
-  - (echo 'Testing with mpy' && echo 'travis_fold:start:test_mpy')
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" unix || (cd tests && MICROPY_CPYTHON3=python3.5 MICROPY_MICROPYTHON=../ports/unix/micropython_coverage ./run-tests -j1 --via-mpy -d basics float)) ; S=$? ; echo $S > status ; (exit $S)
-  - echo 'travis_fold:end:test_mpy' && tools/print_status.py status
-
-  - (echo 'Building docs' && echo 'travis_fold:start:build_docs')
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" docs || sphinx-build -E -W -b html . _build/html) ; S=$? ; echo $S > status ; (exit $S)
-  - echo 'travis_fold:end:build_docs' && tools/print_status.py status
-
-  - (echo 'Building translations' && echo 'travis_fold:start:build_translations')
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" translations || make check-translate) ; S=$? ; echo $S > status ; (exit $S)
-  - echo 'travis_fold:end:build_translations' && tools/print_status.py status
-
-  # run coveralls coverage analysis (try to, even if some builds/tests failed)
-  #- (cd ports/unix && coveralls --root ../.. --build-root . --gcov $(which gcov) --gcov-options '\-o build-coverage/' --include py --include extmod)
-
-  - (! var_search "${TRAVIS_TESTS-}" website || (cd tools && python3 build_board_info.py && cd ..))
-
-after_failure:
-  - (cd tests && for exp in *.exp; do testbase=$(basename $exp .exp); echo -e "\nFAILURE $testbase"; diff -u $testbase.exp $testbase.out; done)
diff --git a/lib/utils/buffer_helper.c b/lib/utils/buffer_helper.c
index f6eb8bf1e..694952e3d 100644
--- a/lib/utils/buffer_helper.c
+++ b/lib/utils/buffer_helper.c
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 
 #include "lib/utils/buffer_helper.h"
 
-void normalize_buffer_bounds(int32_t* start, int32_t end, uint32_t* length) {
+void normalize_buffer_bounds(int32_t* start, int32_t end, size_t* length) {
     if (end < 0) {
         end += *length;
-    } else if (((uint32_t) end) > *length) {
+    } else if (((size_t) end) > *length) {
         end = *length;
     }
     if (*start < 0) {
diff --git a/lib/utils/buffer_helper.h b/lib/utils/buffer_helper.h
index 47042e7ef..7487b9df5 100644
--- a/lib/utils/buffer_helper.h
+++ b/lib/utils/buffer_helper.h
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@
 #define MICROPY_INCLUDED_LIB_UTILS_BUFFER_HELPER_H
 
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
-void normalize_buffer_bounds(int32_t* start, int32_t end, uint32_t* length);
+void normalize_buffer_bounds(int32_t* start, int32_t end, size_t* length);
 
 #endif  // MICROPY_INCLUDED_LIB_UTILS_BUFFER_HELPER_H
diff --git a/locale/ID.po b/locale/ID.po
index 00b5025d0..5beed47e2 100644
--- a/locale/ID.po
+++ b/locale/ID.po
@@ -301,6 +301,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Auto-reload aktif. Silahkan simpan data-data (files) melalui USB untuk "
 "menjalankannya atau masuk ke REPL untukmenonaktifkan.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr "Bit clock dan word harus memiliki kesamaan pada clock unit"
@@ -533,6 +537,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -749,6 +754,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1026,8 +1032,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
@@ -1104,6 +1110,10 @@ msgstr "sistem file (filesystem) bersifat Read-only"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "sistem file (filesystem) bersifat Read-only"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Channel Kanan tidak didukung"
@@ -1218,11 +1228,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1244,6 +1254,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1315,7 +1326,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "Baudrate tidak didukung"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "Baudrate tidak didukung"
@@ -2198,6 +2209,11 @@ msgstr "tidak ada ikatan/bind pada temuan nonlocal"
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr "tidak ada modul yang bernama '%q'"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr ""
diff --git a/locale/circuitpython.pot b/locale/circuitpython.pot
index fbeaa5200..6732a10d5 100644
--- a/locale/circuitpython.pot
+++ b/locale/circuitpython.pot
@@ -297,6 +297,10 @@ msgid ""
 "disable.\n"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr ""
@@ -522,6 +526,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -734,6 +739,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1010,8 +1016,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
@@ -1085,6 +1091,10 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr ""
@@ -1195,11 +1205,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1221,6 +1231,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1292,7 +1303,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2163,6 +2174,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr ""
diff --git a/locale/de_DE.po b/locale/de_DE.po
index 12d81c681..31240a3a4 100644
--- a/locale/de_DE.po
+++ b/locale/de_DE.po
@@ -301,6 +301,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Automatisches Neuladen ist aktiv. Speichere Dateien über USB um sie "
 "auszuführen oder verbinde dich mit der REPL zum Deaktivieren.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr "Bit clock und word select müssen eine clock unit teilen"
@@ -526,6 +530,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr "Die Rotation der Anzeige muss in 90-Grad-Schritten erfolgen"
 
@@ -738,6 +743,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr "Die Funktion erwartet, dass der 'lock'-Befehl zuvor ausgeführt wurde"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1025,8 +1031,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
@@ -1102,6 +1108,10 @@ msgstr "Schreibgeschützte Dateisystem"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "Schreibgeschützte Objekt"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Rechter Kanal wird nicht unterstützt"
@@ -1224,11 +1234,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1250,6 +1260,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr "Zu viele displays"
 
@@ -1323,7 +1334,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "Baudrate wird nicht unterstützt"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "Nicht unterstützter display bus type"
 
@@ -2210,6 +2221,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr "Kein Modul mit dem Namen '%q'"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr ""
diff --git a/locale/en_US.po b/locale/en_US.po
index c381a4d26..85c149972 100644
--- a/locale/en_US.po
+++ b/locale/en_US.po
@@ -297,6 +297,10 @@ msgid ""
 "disable.\n"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr ""
@@ -522,6 +526,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -734,6 +739,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1010,8 +1016,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
@@ -1085,6 +1091,10 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr ""
@@ -1195,11 +1205,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1221,6 +1231,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1292,7 +1303,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2163,6 +2174,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr ""
diff --git a/locale/en_x_pirate.po b/locale/en_x_pirate.po
index 2b7693503..a7bca3ba4 100644
--- a/locale/en_x_pirate.po
+++ b/locale/en_x_pirate.po
@@ -301,6 +301,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Auto-reload be on. Put yer files on USB to weigh anchor, er' bring'er about "
 "t' the REPL t' scuttle.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr ""
@@ -526,6 +530,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -738,6 +743,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1014,8 +1020,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
@@ -1089,6 +1095,10 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr ""
@@ -1199,11 +1209,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1225,6 +1235,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1296,7 +1307,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2167,6 +2178,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr ""
diff --git a/locale/es.po b/locale/es.po
index 6414e4778..83f543f41 100644
--- a/locale/es.po
+++ b/locale/es.po
@@ -305,6 +305,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Auto-reload habilitado. Simplemente guarda los archivos via USB para "
 "ejecutarlos o entra al REPL para desabilitarlos.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr "Bit clock y word select deben compartir una unidad de reloj"
@@ -530,6 +534,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr "Rotación de display debe ser en incrementos de 90 grados"
 
@@ -743,6 +748,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr "La función requiere lock"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1029,11 +1035,9 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
-"Solo se admiten BMP monocromos, indexados de 8bpp y 16bpp o superiores:% d "
-"bppdado"
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
 #, fuzzy
@@ -1113,6 +1117,10 @@ msgstr "Sistema de archivos de solo-Lectura"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "Solo-lectura"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Canal derecho no soportado"
@@ -1235,11 +1243,11 @@ msgstr "El signo del sample no iguala al del mixer"
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr "La altura del Tile debe dividir exacto la altura del bitmap"
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1261,6 +1269,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr "Demasiados buses de pantalla"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr "Muchos displays"
 
@@ -1332,7 +1341,7 @@ msgstr "Número incomparable de elementos en RHS (%d esperado,%d obtenido)"
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "Baudrate no soportado"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "tipo de bitmap no soportado"
@@ -2222,6 +2231,11 @@ msgstr "no se ha encontrado ningún enlace para nonlocal"
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr "ningún módulo se llama '%q'"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr "no hay tal atributo"
@@ -2887,6 +2901,13 @@ msgstr "paso cero"
 #~ msgid "Only bit maps of 8 bit color or less are supported"
 #~ msgstr "Solo se admiten bit maps de color de 8 bits o menos"
 
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d "
+#~ "bpp given"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Solo se admiten BMP monocromos, indexados de 8bpp y 16bpp o superiores:"
+#~ "% d bppdado"
+
 #~ msgid "Only true color (24 bpp or higher) BMP supported %x"
 #~ msgstr "Solo color verdadero (24 bpp o superior) BMP admitido %x"
 
diff --git a/locale/fil.po b/locale/fil.po
index eaf7a2cb8..d21a20072 100644
--- a/locale/fil.po
+++ b/locale/fil.po
@@ -303,6 +303,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Ang awtomatikong pag re-reload ay ON. i-save lamang ang mga files sa USB "
 "para patakbuhin sila o pasukin ang REPL para i-disable ito.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr "Ang bit clock at word select dapat makibahagi sa isang clock unit"
@@ -534,6 +538,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -752,6 +757,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr "Function nangangailangan ng lock"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1037,8 +1043,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
@@ -1118,6 +1124,10 @@ msgstr "Basahin-lamang mode"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "Basahin-lamang"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Hindi supportado ang kanang channel"
@@ -1238,11 +1248,11 @@ msgstr "Ang signedness ng sample hindi tugma sa mixer"
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1264,6 +1274,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1336,7 +1347,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "Hindi supportadong baudrate"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "Hindi supportadong tipo ng bitmap"
@@ -2234,6 +2245,11 @@ msgstr "no binding para sa nonlocal, nahanap"
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr "walang module na '%q'"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr "walang ganoon na attribute"
diff --git a/locale/fr.po b/locale/fr.po
index 3e47186c6..86f752b7a 100644
--- a/locale/fr.po
+++ b/locale/fr.po
@@ -308,6 +308,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Auto-chargement activé. Copiez simplement les fichiers en USB pour les "
 "lancer ou entrez sur REPL pour le désactiver.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr "'bit clock' et 'word select' doivent partager une horloge"
@@ -538,6 +542,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr "La rotation d'affichage doit se faire par incréments de 90 degrés"
 
@@ -757,6 +762,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr "La fonction nécessite un verrou"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1049,10 +1055,9 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
-"Seul les BMP monochromes, 8bit indexé et 16bit sont supportés: %d bpp fourni"
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
 #, fuzzy
@@ -1134,6 +1139,10 @@ msgstr "Système de fichier en lecture seule"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "Objet en lecture seule"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Canal droit non supporté"
@@ -1259,11 +1268,11 @@ msgstr "Le signe de l'échantillon ne correspond pas à celui du mixer"
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr "La hauteur de la tuile doit diviser exactement la hauteur de l'image"
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1285,6 +1294,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr "Trop de bus d'affichage"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr "Trop d'affichages"
 
@@ -1361,7 +1371,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "Débit non supporté"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "Type de bus d'affichage non supporté"
@@ -2268,6 +2278,11 @@ msgstr "pas de lien trouvé pour nonlocal"
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr "pas de module '%q'"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr "pas de tel attribut"
@@ -2938,6 +2953,13 @@ msgstr "'step' nul"
 #~ msgid "Only bit maps of 8 bit color or less are supported"
 #~ msgstr "Seules les bitmaps de 8bits par couleur ou moins sont supportées"
 
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d "
+#~ "bpp given"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Seul les BMP monochromes, 8bit indexé et 16bit sont supportés: %d bpp "
+#~ "fourni"
+
 #~ msgid "Only true color (24 bpp or higher) BMP supported %x"
 #~ msgstr "Seul les BMP 24bits ou plus sont supportés %x"
 
diff --git a/locale/it_IT.po b/locale/it_IT.po
index 0ce88f6b1..c8e9463e3 100644
--- a/locale/it_IT.po
+++ b/locale/it_IT.po
@@ -302,6 +302,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "L'auto-reload è attivo. Salva i file su USB per eseguirli o entra nel REPL "
 "per disabilitarlo.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr ""
@@ -534,6 +538,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -751,6 +756,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1037,8 +1043,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
@@ -1122,6 +1128,10 @@ msgstr "Filesystem in sola lettura"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "Sola lettura"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Canale destro non supportato"
@@ -1237,11 +1247,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1263,6 +1273,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr "Troppi schermi"
 
@@ -1335,7 +1346,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "baudrate non supportato"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "tipo di bitmap non supportato"
@@ -2228,6 +2239,11 @@ msgstr "nessun binding per nonlocal trovato"
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr "nessun modulo chiamato '%q'"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr "attributo inesistente"
diff --git a/locale/pl.po b/locale/pl.po
index ec7953f3e..dddbdf8fc 100644
--- a/locale/pl.po
+++ b/locale/pl.po
@@ -300,6 +300,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Samo-przeładowywanie włączone. Po prostu zapisz pliki przez USB aby je "
 "uruchomić, albo wejdź w konsolę aby wyłączyć.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr "Zegar bitowy i wybór słowa muszą współdzielić jednostkę zegara"
@@ -525,6 +529,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr "Wyświetlacz można obracać co 90 stopni"
 
@@ -737,6 +742,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr "Funkcja wymaga blokady"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1020,9 +1026,9 @@ msgstr "Wspierane są tylko nieskompresowane pliki BMP: wielkość nagłówka %d
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
-msgstr "Wspierane są tylko pliki BMP czarno-białe, 8bpp i 16bpp: %d bpp "
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
+msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
 msgid "Only slices with step=1 (aka None) are supported"
@@ -1095,6 +1101,10 @@ msgstr "System plików tylko do odczytu"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "Obiekt tylko do odczytu"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Prawy kanał jest niewspierany"
@@ -1215,11 +1225,11 @@ msgstr "Znak nie pasuje do miksera"
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr "Wysokość bitmapy musi być wielokrotnością wysokości kafelka"
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1241,6 +1251,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr "Zbyt wiele magistrali"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr "Zbyt wiele wyświetlaczy"
 
@@ -1312,7 +1323,7 @@ msgstr "Zła liczba obiektów po prawej stronie (oczekiwano %d, jest %d)."
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "Zła szybkość transmisji"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "Zły typ magistrali wyświetlaczy"
 
@@ -2188,6 +2199,11 @@ msgstr "brak wiązania dla zmiennej nielokalnej"
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr "brak modułu o nazwie '%q'"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr "nie ma takiego atrybutu"
@@ -2769,6 +2785,11 @@ msgstr "zerowy krok"
 #~ msgid "Must be a Group subclass."
 #~ msgstr "Musi dziedziczyć z Group."
 
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d "
+#~ "bpp given"
+#~ msgstr "Wspierane są tylko pliki BMP czarno-białe, 8bpp i 16bpp: %d bpp "
+
 #~ msgid "Tile indices must be 0 - 255"
 #~ msgstr "Indeks kafelka musi być pomiędzy 0 a 255 włącznie"
 
diff --git a/locale/pt_BR.po b/locale/pt_BR.po
index f120be905..12cda7961 100644
--- a/locale/pt_BR.po
+++ b/locale/pt_BR.po
@@ -300,6 +300,10 @@ msgid ""
 "disable.\n"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr ""
@@ -529,6 +533,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -746,6 +751,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1028,8 +1034,8 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
@@ -1105,6 +1111,10 @@ msgstr "Sistema de arquivos somente leitura"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "Somente leitura"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Canal direito não suportado"
@@ -1215,11 +1225,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1241,6 +1251,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1312,7 +1323,7 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "Taxa de transmissão não suportada"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 #, fuzzy
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "Taxa de transmissão não suportada"
@@ -2189,6 +2200,11 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr ""
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr ""
diff --git a/locale/zh_Latn_pinyin.po b/locale/zh_Latn_pinyin.po
index 803766eab..b83848566 100644
--- a/locale/zh_Latn_pinyin.po
+++ b/locale/zh_Latn_pinyin.po
@@ -301,6 +301,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Zìdòng chóngxīn jiāzài. Zhǐ xū tōngguò USB bǎocún wénjiàn lái yùnxíng tāmen "
 "huò shūrù REPL jìnyòng.\n"
 
+#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+msgid "Below minimum frame rate"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audiobusio/I2SOut.c
 msgid "Bit clock and word select must share a clock unit"
 msgstr "Bǐtè shízhōng hé dānzì xuǎnzé bìxū gòngxiǎng shízhōng dānwèi"
@@ -526,6 +530,7 @@ msgid "Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."
 msgstr ""
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"
 msgstr "Xiǎnshì xuánzhuǎn bìxū 90 dù jiā xīn"
 
@@ -738,6 +743,7 @@ msgid "Function requires lock"
 msgstr "Hánshù xūyào suǒdìng"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Group already used"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1023,10 +1029,9 @@ msgstr ""
 #: shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp "
-"given"
+"Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: "
+"%d bpp given"
 msgstr ""
-"Jǐn zhīchí dān sè, suǒyǐn 8bpp hé 16bpp huò gèng dà de BMP: %d bpp tígōng"
 
 #: shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/PixelBuf.c
 msgid "Only slices with step=1 (aka None) are supported"
@@ -1100,6 +1105,10 @@ msgstr "Zhǐ dú wénjiàn xìtǒng"
 msgid "Read-only object"
 msgstr "Zhǐ dú duìxiàng"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
+msgid "Refresh too soon"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/audioio/AudioOut.c
 msgid "Right channel unsupported"
 msgstr "Bù zhīchí yòu tōngdào"
@@ -1222,11 +1231,11 @@ msgstr "Yàngběn de qiānmíng yǔ hǔn yīn qì de qiānmíng bù pǐpèi"
 msgid "Tile height must exactly divide bitmap height"
 msgstr "Píng pū gāodù bìxū huàfēn wèi tú gāodù"
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile index out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
-#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/TileGrid.c
 msgid "Tile value out of bounds"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1248,6 +1257,7 @@ msgid "Too many display busses"
 msgstr "Xiǎnshì zǒngxiàn tài duōle"
 
 #: shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
 msgid "Too many displays"
 msgstr "Xiǎnshì tài duō"
 
@@ -1319,7 +1329,7 @@ msgstr "RHS (yùqí %d, huòdé %d) shàng wèi pǐpèi de xiàngmù."
 msgid "Unsupported baudrate"
 msgstr "Bù zhīchí de baudrate"
 
-#: shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+#: shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
 msgid "Unsupported display bus type"
 msgstr "Bù zhīchí de gōnggòng qìchē lèixíng"
 
@@ -2202,6 +2212,11 @@ msgstr "zhǎo bù dào fēi běndì de bǎng dìng"
 msgid "no module named '%q'"
 msgstr "méiyǒu mókuài '%q'"
 
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+#: shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+msgid "no reset pin available"
+msgstr ""
+
 #: py/runtime.c shared-bindings/_pixelbuf/__init__.c
 msgid "no such attribute"
 msgstr "méiyǒu cǐ shǔxìng"
@@ -2798,6 +2813,12 @@ msgstr "líng bù"
 #~ msgid "Only bit maps of 8 bit color or less are supported"
 #~ msgstr "Jǐn zhīchí 8 wèi yánsè huò xiǎoyú"
 
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d "
+#~ "bpp given"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Jǐn zhīchí dān sè, suǒyǐn 8bpp hé 16bpp huò gèng dà de BMP: %d bpp tígōng"
+
 #~ msgid "Tile indices must be 0 - 255"
 #~ msgstr "Píng pū zhǐshù bìxū wèi 0 - 255"
 
diff --git a/main.c b/main.c
index 6ab50fc3c..6b56f5ff6 100755
--- a/main.c
+++ b/main.c
@@ -253,6 +253,9 @@ bool run_code_py(safe_mode_t safe_mode) {
     }
 
     bool serial_connected_before_animation = false;
+    #if CIRCUITPY_DISPLAYIO
+    bool refreshed_epaper_display = false;
+    #endif
     rgb_status_animation_t animation;
     prep_rgb_status_animation(&result, found_main, safe_mode, &animation);
     while (true) {
@@ -290,6 +293,13 @@ bool run_code_py(safe_mode_t safe_mode) {
         }
         serial_connected_before_animation = serial_connected();
 
+        // Refresh the ePaper display if we have one. That way it'll show an error message.
+        #if CIRCUITPY_DISPLAYIO
+        if (!refreshed_epaper_display) {
+            refreshed_epaper_display = maybe_refresh_epaperdisplay();
+        }
+        #endif
+
         tick_rgb_status_animation(&animation);
     }
 }
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/Makefile b/ports/atmel-samd/Makefile
index 8e3fe9460..11e6874ed 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/Makefile
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/Makefile
@@ -289,7 +289,8 @@ SRC_COMMON_HAL_EXPANDED = $(addprefix shared-bindings/, $(SRC_COMMON_HAL)) \
                           $(addprefix common-hal/, $(SRC_COMMON_HAL))
 
 SRC_SHARED_MODULE_EXPANDED = $(addprefix shared-bindings/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE)) \
-                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE))
+                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE)) \
+                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE_INTERNAL))
 
 SRC_S = supervisor/$(CHIP_FAMILY)_cpu.s
 
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/background.c b/ports/atmel-samd/background.c
index 694238070..386ba0715 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/background.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/background.c
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ void run_background_tasks(void) {
     audio_dma_background();
     #endif
     #if CIRCUITPY_DISPLAYIO
-    displayio_refresh_displays();
+    displayio_background();
     #endif
 
     #if CIRCUITPY_NETWORK
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index 001d1e984..7bfe184c0 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 2
 EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "S25FL216K, GD25Q16C"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_FREQUENCYIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
+
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
 SUPEROPT_GC = 0
 
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_supersized/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_supersized/mpconfigboard.mk
index fb8d014b9..d6e1fcedd 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_supersized/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/feather_m0_supersized/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 1
 EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "S25FL064L"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_FREQUENCYIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
+
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
 SUPEROPT_GC = 0
 
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/gemma_m0/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/gemma_m0/mpconfigboard.h
index bc60ba49b..5f09ab4d2 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/gemma_m0/mpconfigboard.h
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/gemma_m0/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI   (&pin_PA00)
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK    (&pin_PA01)
 
-// #define CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
-
 #define MICROPY_PORT_A        (PORT_PA00 | PORT_PA01 | PORT_PA24 | PORT_PA25)
 #define MICROPY_PORT_B        (0)
 #define MICROPY_PORT_C        (0)
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/board.c
index c12431f8b..b4c54062f 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/board.c
@@ -106,7 +106,9 @@ void board_init(void) {
         1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
         true, // auto_brightness
         false, // single_byte_bounds
-        false); // data_as_commands
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
 }
 
 bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/mpconfigboard.h
index 4b5460706..d5c274500 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/mpconfigboard.h
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -35,3 +35,7 @@
 // USB is always used internally so skip the pin objects for it.
 #define IGNORE_PIN_PA24     1
 #define IGNORE_PIN_PA25     1
+
+// SWD is only available on the test pads so skip the pin objects.
+#define IGNORE_PIN_PA30     1
+#define IGNORE_PIN_PA31     1
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index 92374721f..988d10d1c 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -13,10 +13,15 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "W25Q64JV_IQ, GD25Q64C"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
 # To keep the build small
-CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
-CIRCUITPY_FREQUENCYIO = 0
 CIRCUITPY_AUDIOBUSIO = 0
 CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_FREQUENCYIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_GAMEPAD = 0
+CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
+CIRCUITPY_ROTARYIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_RTC = 0
+
+CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
 SUPEROPT_GC = 0
 
 # Include these Python libraries in firmware.
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/board.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bb2a591f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/board.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the MicroPython project, http://micropython.org/
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017 Scott Shawcroft for Adafruit Industries
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "boards/board.h"
+#include "mpconfigboard.h"
+#include "hal/include/hal_gpio.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/busio/SPI.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/mipi_constants.h"
+#include "tick.h"
+
+displayio_fourwire_obj_t board_display_obj;
+
+#define DELAY 0x80
+
+uint8_t display_init_sequence[] = {
+    0x01, 0 | DELAY, 150, // SWRESET
+    0x11, 0 | DELAY, 255, // SLPOUT
+    0x36, 1, 0x00,        // _MADCTL bottom to top refresh in vsync aligned order.
+    0x3a, 1, 0x55, // COLMOD - 16bit color
+    0x21, 0 | DELAY, 10,                 // _INVON
+    0x13, 0 | DELAY, 10,                 // _NORON
+    0x29, 0 | DELAY, 255,                // _DISPON
+};
+
+void board_init(void) {
+    busio_spi_obj_t* spi = &displays[0].fourwire_bus.inline_bus;
+    common_hal_busio_spi_construct(spi, &pin_PA01, &pin_PA00, NULL);
+    common_hal_busio_spi_never_reset(spi);
+
+    displayio_fourwire_obj_t* bus = &displays[0].fourwire_bus;
+    bus->base.type = &displayio_fourwire_type;
+    common_hal_displayio_fourwire_construct(bus,
+        spi,
+        &pin_PB31, // TFT_DC Command or data
+        &pin_PA27, // TFT_CS Chip select
+        &pin_PB30, // TFT_RST Reset
+        60000000);
+
+    displayio_display_obj_t* display = &displays[0].display;
+    display->base.type = &displayio_display_type;
+    common_hal_displayio_display_construct(display,
+        bus,
+        240, // Width (after rotation)
+        240, // Height (after rotation)
+        0, // column start
+        0, // row start
+        180, // rotation
+        16, // Color depth
+        false, // Grayscale
+        false, // Pixels in a byte share a row. Only used for depth < 8
+        1, // bytes per cell. Only valid for depths < 8
+        false, // reverse_pixels_in_byte. Only valid for depths < 8
+        MIPI_COMMAND_SET_COLUMN_ADDRESS, // Set column command
+        MIPI_COMMAND_SET_PAGE_ADDRESS, // Set row command
+        MIPI_COMMAND_WRITE_MEMORY_START, // Write memory command
+        0x37, // set vertical scroll command
+        display_init_sequence,
+        sizeof(display_init_sequence),
+        &pin_PB14,  // backlight pin
+        NO_BRIGHTNESS_COMMAND,
+        1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
+        true, // auto_brightness
+        false, // single_byte_bounds
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
+}
+
+bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
+    return false;
+}
+
+void reset_board(void) {
+}
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..654632db5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#define MICROPY_HW_BOARD_NAME "Adafruit Hallowing M4 Express"
+#define MICROPY_HW_MCU_NAME "samd51j19"
+
+#define CIRCUITPY_MCU_FAMILY samd51
+
+// Rev C
+
+#define MICROPY_HW_LED_STATUS   (&pin_PA23)
+#define MICROPY_HW_NEOPIXEL (&pin_PB16)
+
+// These are pins not to reset.
+// QSPI Data pins
+#define MICROPY_PORT_A (PORT_PA08 | PORT_PA09 | PORT_PA10 | PORT_PA11)
+// NeoPixel pin, QSPI CS, and  QSPI SCK
+#define MICROPY_PORT_B (PORT_PB16 | PORT_PB10 | PORT_PB11)
+#define MICROPY_PORT_C (0)
+#define MICROPY_PORT_D (0)
+
+#define AUTORESET_DELAY_MS 500
+
+// If you change this, then make sure to update the linker scripts as well to
+// make sure you don't overwrite code
+#define CIRCUITPY_INTERNAL_NVM_SIZE 8192
+
+#define BOARD_FLASH_SIZE (FLASH_SIZE - 0x4000 - CIRCUITPY_INTERNAL_NVM_SIZE)
+
+#define DEFAULT_I2C_BUS_SCL (&pin_PA13)
+#define DEFAULT_I2C_BUS_SDA (&pin_PA12)
+
+#define DEFAULT_SPI_BUS_SCK (&pin_PA22)
+#define DEFAULT_SPI_BUS_MOSI (&pin_PB23)
+#define DEFAULT_SPI_BUS_MISO (&pin_PB22)
+
+#define DEFAULT_UART_BUS_RX (&pin_PB12)
+#define DEFAULT_UART_BUS_TX (&pin_PB13)
+
+// USB is always used internally so skip the pin objects for it.
+#define IGNORE_PIN_PA24     1
+#define IGNORE_PIN_PA25     1
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d891abc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+LD_FILE = boards/samd51x19-bootloader-external-flash.ld
+USB_VID = 0x239A
+USB_PID = 0x804A
+USB_PRODUCT = "Hallowing M4 Express"
+USB_MANUFACTURER = "Adafruit Industries LLC"
+
+CHIP_VARIANT = SAMD51J19A
+CHIP_FAMILY = samd51
+
+QSPI_FLASH_FILESYSTEM = 1
+EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 1
+EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = GD25Q64C
+LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
+
+CIRCUITPY_NETWORK = 1
+MICROPY_PY_WIZNET5K = 5500
+CIRCUITPY_PS2IO = 1
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/pins.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/pins.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..915802d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/hallowing_m4_express/pins.c
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include "shared-bindings/board/__init__.h"
+
+#include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
+
+STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t board_global_dict_table[] = {
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A0), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA02) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A1), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA05) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A2), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA06) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A3), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB09) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A4), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB08) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A5), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA04) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_LIGHT), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB04) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A7), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB04) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SCK), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA22) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_MOSI), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB23) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_MISO), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB22) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D0), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB12) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_RX), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB12) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D1), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB13) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_TX), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB13) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SDA), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA12) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SCL), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA13) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D4), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA14) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D5), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA16) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D6), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA17) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_ACCELEROMETER_INTERRUPT), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB15) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D7), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB15) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D9), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA18) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D10), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA19) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D11), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA20) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D12), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA21) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D13), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA23) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_NEOPIXEL), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB16) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D8), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB16) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_VOLTAGE_MONITOR), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB01) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A6), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB01) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_BATTERY), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB01) },
+
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D3), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB02) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_EXTERNAL_NEOPIXEL), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB02) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A9), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB02) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D2), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB03) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SENSE), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB03) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A8), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB03) },
+
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SPEAKER_ENABLE), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB05) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_CAP_PIN), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA15) },
+
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_I2C), MP_ROM_PTR(&board_i2c_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SPI), MP_ROM_PTR(&board_spi_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_UART), MP_ROM_PTR(&board_uart_obj) },
+
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_DISPLAY), MP_ROM_PTR(&displays[0].display)}
+};
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(board_module_globals, board_global_dict_table);
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.h
index 79d0cd269..6f9f661d9 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.h
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 #define MICROPY_HW_LED_STATUS   (&pin_PA17)
 
-#define CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI   (&pin_PA01)
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK    (&pin_PA00)
 
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index fd66f425d..2b64e9027 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -12,8 +12,13 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 2
 EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "W25Q16FW, GD25Q16C"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
-CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
-SUPEROPT_GC = 0
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102 = 1
 
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_GAMEPAD = 0
 CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
 CIRCUITPY_RTC = 0
+
+CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
+SUPEROPT_GC = 0
+
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h
index f4d17ac64..9e4d4a10c 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI   (&pin_PB03)
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK    (&pin_PB02)
 
-#define CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
-
 // These are pins not to reset.
 // QSPI Data pins
 #define MICROPY_PORT_A (PORT_PA08 | PORT_PA09 | PORT_PA10 | PORT_PA11)
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index f53983ef7..5cab5bf43 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/itsybitsy_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -15,3 +15,5 @@ LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 CIRCUITPY_PS2IO = 1
 # No I2S on SAMD51G
 CIRCUITPY_AUDIOBUSIO = 0
+
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102 = 1
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/metro_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/metro_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index 7543f6efa..ce037ccc5 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/metro_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/metro_m0_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 2
 EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "S25FL216K, GD25Q16C"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
+
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
 SUPEROPT_GC = 0
 
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/mini_sam_m4/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/mini_sam_m4/mpconfigboard.h
index cd754924e..c4563964f 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/mini_sam_m4/mpconfigboard.h
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/mini_sam_m4/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI   (&pin_PB03)
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK    (&pin_PB02)
 
-#define CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
-
 // These are pins not to reset.
 // QSPI Data pins
 #define MICROPY_PORT_A (PORT_PA08 | PORT_PA09 | PORT_PA10 | PORT_PA11)
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/mini_sam_m4/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/mini_sam_m4/mpconfigboard.mk
index b70b9bbb0..4bd1d6e52 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/mini_sam_m4/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/mini_sam_m4/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -15,3 +15,5 @@ LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 CIRCUITPY_PS2IO = 1
 # No I2S on SAMD51G
 CIRCUITPY_AUDIOBUSIO = 0
+
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102 = 1
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/board.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2377f4a9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/board.c
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the MicroPython project, http://micropython.org/
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Scott Shawcroft for Adafruit Industries
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "boards/board.h"
+#include "mpconfigboard.h"
+#include "hal/include/hal_gpio.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/busio/SPI.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/mipi_constants.h"
+#include "tick.h"
+
+displayio_fourwire_obj_t board_display_obj;
+
+#define DELAY 0x80
+
+uint8_t display_init_sequence[] = {
+    0x01, 0 | DELAY, 150, // SWRESET
+    0x11, 0 | DELAY, 255, // SLPOUT
+    0x36, 1, 0x00,        // _MADCTL bottom to top refresh in vsync aligned order.
+    0x3a, 1, 0x55, // COLMOD - 16bit color
+    0x38, 0,                 // Idle mode off
+    0x21, 0,                 // _INVON
+    0x13, 0,                 // _NORON
+    0x29, 0 | DELAY, 255                // _DISPON
+};
+
+void board_init(void) {
+    busio_spi_obj_t* spi = &displays[0].fourwire_bus.inline_bus;
+    common_hal_busio_spi_construct(spi, &pin_PA13, &pin_PA12, NULL);
+    common_hal_busio_spi_never_reset(spi);
+
+    displayio_fourwire_obj_t* bus = &displays[0].fourwire_bus;
+    bus->base.type = &displayio_fourwire_type;
+    common_hal_displayio_fourwire_construct(bus,
+        spi,
+        &pin_PA07, // TFT_DC Command or data
+        &pin_PA06, // TFT_CS Chip select
+        &pin_PA04, // TFT_RST Reset
+        60000000);
+
+    displayio_display_obj_t* display = &displays[0].display;
+    display->base.type = &displayio_display_type;
+    common_hal_displayio_display_construct(display,
+        bus,
+        240, // Width (after rotation)
+        240, // Height (after rotation)
+        0, // column start
+        0, // row start
+        180, // rotation
+        16, // Color depth
+        false, // Grayscale
+        false, // pixels in a byte share a row. Only valid for depths < 8
+        1, // bytes per cell. Only valid for depths < 8
+        false, // reverse_pixels_in_byte. Only valid for depths < 8
+        MIPI_COMMAND_SET_COLUMN_ADDRESS, // Set column command
+        MIPI_COMMAND_SET_PAGE_ADDRESS, // Set row command
+        MIPI_COMMAND_WRITE_MEMORY_START, // Write memory command
+        0x37, // set vertical scroll command
+        display_init_sequence,
+        sizeof(display_init_sequence),
+        &pin_PA23,  // backlight pin
+        NO_BRIGHTNESS_COMMAND,
+        1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
+        true, // auto_brightness
+        false, // single_byte_bounds
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
+}
+
+bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
+    return false;
+}
+
+void reset_board(void) {
+}
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/mpconfigboard.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc77520f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#define MICROPY_HW_BOARD_NAME "Adafruit Monster M4SK"
+#define MICROPY_HW_MCU_NAME "samd51j19"
+
+#define CIRCUITPY_MCU_FAMILY samd51
+
+#define MICROPY_HW_LED_STATUS   (&pin_PA27)
+
+// These are pins not to reset.
+// QSPI Data pins
+#define MICROPY_PORT_A (PORT_PA08 | PORT_PA09 | PORT_PA10 | PORT_PA11)
+// DotStar pins, QSPI CS, and QSPI SCK
+#define MICROPY_PORT_B (PORT_PB10 | PORT_PB11)
+#define MICROPY_PORT_C (0)
+#define MICROPY_PORT_D (0)
+
+#define AUTORESET_DELAY_MS 500
+
+// If you change this, then make sure to update the linker scripts as well to
+// make sure you don't overwrite code
+#define CIRCUITPY_INTERNAL_NVM_SIZE 8192
+
+#define BOARD_FLASH_SIZE (FLASH_SIZE - 0x4000 - CIRCUITPY_INTERNAL_NVM_SIZE)
+
+#define DEFAULT_I2C_BUS_SCL (&pin_PA01)
+#define DEFAULT_I2C_BUS_SDA (&pin_PA00)
+
+// USB is always used internally so skip the pin objects for it.
+#define IGNORE_PIN_PA24     1
+#define IGNORE_PIN_PA25     1
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/mpconfigboard.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..534b7468f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+LD_FILE = boards/samd51x19-bootloader-external-flash.ld
+USB_VID = 0x239A
+USB_PID = 0x8048
+USB_PRODUCT = "Monster M4SK"
+USB_MANUFACTURER = "Adafruit Industries LLC"
+
+CHIP_VARIANT = SAMD51J19A
+CHIP_FAMILY = samd51
+
+QSPI_FLASH_FILESYSTEM = 1
+EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 1
+EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = GD25Q64C
+LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
+
+CIRCUITPY_AUDIOIO = 1
+CIRCUITPY_DISPLAYIO = 1
+# No touch on SAMD51 yet
+CIRCUITPY_TOUCHIO = 0
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/pins.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/pins.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11f9a063f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/monster_m4sk/pins.c
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include "shared-bindings/board/__init__.h"
+
+#include "boards/board.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
+
+STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t board_global_dict_table[] = {
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SPEAKER),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA02) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_HEADPHONE_LEFT),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA02) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A0),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA02) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_HEADPHONE_RIGHT),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA05) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_A1),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA05) },
+
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D2),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB03) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_NOSE),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB03) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D3),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB02) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_D13),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA27) },
+
+    // I2C
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SDA),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA00) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SCL),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA01) },
+
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_ACCELEROMETER_INTERRUPT),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA22) },
+
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_SPEAKER_ENABLE),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA14) },
+
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_MICROPHONE_CLOCK), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA16) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_MICROPHONE_DATA), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA17) },
+
+    // Right TFT control pins
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_RIGHT_TFT_LITE),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA23) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_RIGHT_TFT_MOSI),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA12) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_RIGHT_TFT_SCK),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA13) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_RIGHT_TFT_RST),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA04) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_RIGHT_TFT_CS), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA06) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_RIGHT_TFT_DC), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PA07) },
+
+    // Left TFT control pins. Some pins are attached through the SeeSaw chip.
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_LEFT_TFT_MOSI),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB02) },
+    { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_LEFT_TFT_SCK),  MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB03) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_LEFT_TFT_CS), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB23) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_LEFT_TFT_DC), MP_ROM_PTR(&pin_PB22) },
+
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_I2C), MP_ROM_PTR(&board_i2c_obj) },
+
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_DISPLAY), MP_ROM_PTR(&displays[0].display)},
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_RIGHT_DISPLAY), MP_ROM_PTR(&displays[0].display)}
+};
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(board_module_globals, board_global_dict_table);
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pirkey_m0/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pirkey_m0/mpconfigboard.h
index 288208f65..5a8eb9d14 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pirkey_m0/mpconfigboard.h
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pirkey_m0/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI   (&pin_PA00)
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK    (&pin_PA01)
 
-// #define CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
-
 #define MICROPY_PORT_A        (PORT_PA00 | PORT_PA01 | PORT_PA24 | PORT_PA25)
 #define MICROPY_PORT_B        (0)
 #define MICROPY_PORT_C        (0)
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge/board.c
index e30b901b0..37f7991d1 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge/board.c
@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ void board_init(void) {
         1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
         true, // auto_brightness
         false, // single_byte_bounds
-        false); // data_as_commands
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
 }
 
 bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge_airlift/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge_airlift/board.c
index 38fb33886..7622de6f0 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge_airlift/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pybadge_airlift/board.c
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ void board_init(void) {
         1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
         true, // auto_brightness
         false, // single_byte_bounds
-        false); // data_as_commands
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
 }
 
 bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pygamer/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pygamer/board.c
index 5ccf3fc50..b33ae4fb0 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pygamer/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pygamer/board.c
@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ void board_init(void) {
         1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
         true, // auto_brightness
         false, // single_byte_bounds
-        false); // data_as_commands
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
 }
 
 bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pygamer_advance/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pygamer_advance/board.c
index 72d4dda8d..8eb501243 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pygamer_advance/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pygamer_advance/board.c
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ void board_init(void) {
         1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
         true, // auto_brightness
         false, // single_byte_bounds
-        false); // data_as_commands
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
 }
 
 bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pyportal/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pyportal/board.c
index a5de1d145..2a7289778 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pyportal/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pyportal/board.c
@@ -98,7 +98,9 @@ void board_init(void) {
         1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
         true, // auto_brightness
         false, // single_byte_bounds
-        false); // data_as_commands
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
 }
 
 bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pyportal_titano/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pyportal_titano/board.c
index 0ed1010a1..a18bb380b 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pyportal_titano/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/pyportal_titano/board.c
@@ -118,7 +118,9 @@ void board_init(void) {
         1.0f, // brightness (ignored)
         true, // auto_brightness
         false, // single_byte_bounds
-        false); // data_as_commands
+        false, // data_as_commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
 }
 
 bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/snekboard/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/snekboard/mpconfigboard.mk
index d96487a6f..6d1b5175c 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/snekboard/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/snekboard/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 1
 EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "W25Q16JV_IQ"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_GAMEPAD = 0
+CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
+
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
 SUPEROPT_GC = 0
 
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/sparkfun_redboard_turbo/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/sparkfun_redboard_turbo/mpconfigboard.mk
index 2ed809c24..d680697aa 100755
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/sparkfun_redboard_turbo/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/sparkfun_redboard_turbo/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 1
 EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = "W25Q32FV"
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
+
 CFLAGS_INLINE_LIMIT = 60
 SUPEROPT_GC = 0
 
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trellis_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trellis_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h
index 6870b86ba..8ca1df162 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trellis_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trellis_m4_express/mpconfigboard.h
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI   (&pin_PB03)
 #define MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK    (&pin_PB02)
 
-#define CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
-
 // These are pins not to reset.
 // QSPI Data pins
 #define MICROPY_PORT_A (PORT_PA08 | PORT_PA09 | PORT_PA10 | PORT_PA11)
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trellis_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trellis_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk
index f1fb49901..ec37186c3 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trellis_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trellis_m4_express/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -15,3 +15,5 @@ LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 CIRCUITPY_PS2IO = 1
 # No I2S on SAMD51G
 CIRCUITPY_AUDIOBUSIO = 0
+
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102 = 1
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trinket_m0_haxpress/mpconfigboard.mk b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trinket_m0_haxpress/mpconfigboard.mk
index 76c33a333..c20358e19 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trinket_m0_haxpress/mpconfigboard.mk
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/trinket_m0_haxpress/mpconfigboard.mk
@@ -12,4 +12,8 @@ EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICE_COUNT = 1
 EXTERNAL_FLASH_DEVICES = W25Q32BV
 LONGINT_IMPL = MPZ
 
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_FREQUENCYIO = 0
+CIRCUITPY_I2CSLAVE = 0
+
 SUPEROPT_GC = 0
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/ugame10/board.c b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/ugame10/board.c
index 72b0ed577..ce389a2b1 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/boards/ugame10/board.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/boards/ugame10/board.c
@@ -106,7 +106,9 @@ void board_init(void) {
         1.0f, // brightness
         false, // auto_brightness
         false, // single_byte_bounds
-        false); // data as commands
+        false, // data as commands
+        true, // auto_refresh
+        60); // native_frames_per_second
 }
 
 bool board_requests_safe_mode(void) {
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/busio/SPI.c b/ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/busio/SPI.c
index 644b9a87b..7a1426bed 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/busio/SPI.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/busio/SPI.c
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ void common_hal_busio_spi_construct(busio_spi_obj_t *self,
         }
         Sercom* potential_sercom = sercom_insts[sercom_index];
         if (
-        #if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && !defined(CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102)
+        #if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && !CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
             (potential_sercom->SPI.CTRLA.bit.ENABLE != 0 &&
              potential_sercom != status_apa102.spi_desc.dev.prvt &&
              !apa102_sck_in_use)) {
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ void common_hal_busio_spi_construct(busio_spi_obj_t *self,
     // Set up SPI clocks on SERCOM.
     samd_peripherals_sercom_clock_init(sercom, sercom_index);
 
-    #if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && !defined(CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102)
+    #if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && !CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
     // if we're re-using the dotstar sercom, make sure it is disabled or the init will fail out
     hri_sercomspi_clear_CTRLA_ENABLE_bit(sercom);
     #endif
diff --git a/ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.c b/ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.c
index c370f7e52..2479e3b40 100644
--- a/ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+++ b/ports/atmel-samd/common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.c
@@ -79,15 +79,13 @@ void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_construct(displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* sel
     self->write_group = &PORT->Group[write->number / 32];
     self->write_mask = 1 << (write->number % 32);
 
+    self->reset.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
     if (reset != NULL) {
         self->reset.base.type = &digitalio_digitalinout_type;
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->reset, reset);
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&self->reset, true, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
         never_reset_pin_number(reset->number);
-
-        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, false);
-        common_hal_mcu_delay_us(4);
-        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, true);
+        common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_reset(self);
     }
 
     never_reset_pin_number(command->number);
@@ -111,15 +109,31 @@ void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_deinit(displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self)
     reset_pin_number(self->reset.pin->number);
 }
 
+bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_reset(mp_obj_t obj) {
+    displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
+    if (self->reset.base.type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, false);
+    common_hal_mcu_delay_us(4);
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, true);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_bus_free(mp_obj_t obj) {
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t obj) {
     displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
     common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->chip_select, false);
     return true;
 }
 
-void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(mp_obj_t obj, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length) {
+void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(mp_obj_t obj, display_byte_type_t byte_type, display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length) {
     displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
-    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->command, !command);
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->command, byte_type == DISPLAY_DATA);
     uint32_t* clear_write = (uint32_t*) &self->write_group->OUTCLR.reg;
     uint32_t* set_write = (uint32_t*) &self->write_group->OUTSET.reg;
     uint32_t mask = self->write_mask;
diff --git a/ports/nrf/Makefile b/ports/nrf/Makefile
index 9a461f9d8..6ec160088 100755
--- a/ports/nrf/Makefile
+++ b/ports/nrf/Makefile
@@ -192,7 +192,8 @@ SRC_COMMON_HAL_EXPANDED = $(addprefix shared-bindings/, $(SRC_COMMON_HAL)) \
                           $(addprefix common-hal/, $(SRC_COMMON_HAL))
 
 SRC_SHARED_MODULE_EXPANDED = $(addprefix shared-bindings/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE)) \
-                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE))
+                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE)) \
+                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE_INTERNAL))
 
 SRC_S = supervisor/cpu.s
 
diff --git a/ports/nrf/background.c b/ports/nrf/background.c
index 453bc96df..94411cbce 100644
--- a/ports/nrf/background.c
+++ b/ports/nrf/background.c
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void run_background_tasks(void) {
 #endif
 
     #if CIRCUITPY_DISPLAYIO
-    displayio_refresh_displays();
+    displayio_background();
     #endif
     running_background_tasks = false;
 
diff --git a/ports/nrf/common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.c b/ports/nrf/common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.c
index 42231be52..be4b28a6e 100644
--- a/ports/nrf/common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+++ b/ports/nrf/common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "common-hal/microcontroller/Pin.h"
 #include "py/runtime.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/digitalio/DigitalInOut.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/microcontroller/__init__.h"
 
 #include "tick.h"
 
@@ -70,10 +71,6 @@ void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_construct(displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* sel
     common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->chip_select, chip_select);
     common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&self->chip_select, true, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
 
-    self->reset.base.type = &digitalio_digitalinout_type;
-    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->reset, reset);
-    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&self->reset, true, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
-
     self->write.base.type = &digitalio_digitalinout_type;
     common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->write, write);
     common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&self->write, true, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
@@ -93,11 +90,19 @@ void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_construct(displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* sel
     }
     self->write_mask = 1 << (write->number % num_pins_in_write_port);
 
+    self->reset.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
+    if (reset != NULL) {
+        self->reset.base.type = &digitalio_digitalinout_type;
+        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->reset, reset);
+        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&self->reset, true, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
+        never_reset_pin_number(reset->number);
+        common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_reset(self);
+    }
+
     never_reset_pin_number(command->number);
     never_reset_pin_number(chip_select->number);
     never_reset_pin_number(write->number);
     never_reset_pin_number(read->number);
-    never_reset_pin_number(reset->number);
     for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
         never_reset_pin_number(data_pin + i);
     }
@@ -115,15 +120,32 @@ void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_deinit(displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self)
     reset_pin_number(self->reset.pin->number);
 }
 
+bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_reset(mp_obj_t obj) {
+    displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
+    if (self->reset.base.type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, false);
+    common_hal_mcu_delay_us(4);
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, true);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_bus_free(mp_obj_t obj) {
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t obj) {
     displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
     common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->chip_select, false);
     return true;
 }
 
-void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(mp_obj_t obj, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length) {
+// This ignores chip_select behaviour because data is clocked in by the write line toggling.
+void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(mp_obj_t obj, display_byte_type_t byte_type, display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length) {
     displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
-    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->command, !command);
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->command, byte_type == DISPLAY_DATA);
     uint32_t* clear_write = (uint32_t*) &self->write_group->OUTCLR;
     uint32_t* set_write = (uint32_t*) &self->write_group->OUTSET;
     uint32_t mask = self->write_mask;
diff --git a/ports/stm32f4/Makefile b/ports/stm32f4/Makefile
index 7f0744443..c75a6c7ee 100755
--- a/ports/stm32f4/Makefile
+++ b/ports/stm32f4/Makefile
@@ -216,7 +216,8 @@ SRC_COMMON_HAL_EXPANDED = $(addprefix shared-bindings/, $(SRC_COMMON_HAL)) \
                           $(addprefix common-hal/, $(SRC_COMMON_HAL))
 
 SRC_SHARED_MODULE_EXPANDED = $(addprefix shared-bindings/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE)) \
-                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE))
+                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE)) \
+                             $(addprefix shared-module/, $(SRC_SHARED_MODULE_INTERNAL))
 
 
 
diff --git a/ports/stm32f4/background.c b/ports/stm32f4/background.c
index e9872b045..b91c3793e 100644
--- a/ports/stm32f4/background.c
+++ b/ports/stm32f4/background.c
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ void run_background_tasks(void) {
     //usb_background();
 
     #if CIRCUITPY_DISPLAYIO
-    displayio_refresh_displays();
+    displayio_background();
     #endif
     running_background_tasks = false;
 
diff --git a/py/circuitpy_defns.mk b/py/circuitpy_defns.mk
index 7ed9457d0..f92e66c74 100644
--- a/py/circuitpy_defns.mk
+++ b/py/circuitpy_defns.mk
@@ -120,6 +120,10 @@ endif
 ifeq ($(CIRCUITPY_BITBANGIO),1)
 SRC_PATTERNS += bitbangio/%
 endif
+# Some builds need bitbang SPI for the dotstar but don't make bitbangio available so include it separately.
+ifeq ($(CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102),1)
+SRC_PATTERNS += bitbangio/SPI%
+endif
 ifeq ($(CIRCUITPY_BLEIO),1)
 SRC_PATTERNS += bleio/%
 endif
@@ -325,6 +329,7 @@ SRC_SHARED_MODULE_ALL = \
 	displayio/Bitmap.c \
 	displayio/ColorConverter.c \
 	displayio/Display.c \
+	displayio/EPaperDisplay.c \
 	displayio/FourWire.c \
 	displayio/Group.c \
 	displayio/I2CDisplay.c \
@@ -368,6 +373,12 @@ SRC_SHARED_MODULE_ALL += \
 	touchio/__init__.c
 endif
 
+# All possible sources are listed here, and are filtered by SRC_PATTERNS.
+SRC_SHARED_MODULE_INTERNAL = \
+$(filter $(SRC_PATTERNS), \
+	displayio/display_core.c \
+)
+
 ifeq ($(INTERNAL_LIBM),1)
 SRC_LIBM = \
 $(addprefix lib/,\
diff --git a/py/circuitpy_mpconfig.h b/py/circuitpy_mpconfig.h
index 8e44ee6c8..1d4acfd42 100644
--- a/py/circuitpy_mpconfig.h
+++ b/py/circuitpy_mpconfig.h
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ extern const struct _mp_obj_module_t terminalio_module;
 #define DISPLAYIO_MODULE       { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_displayio), (mp_obj_t)&displayio_module },
 #define FONTIO_MODULE       { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_fontio), (mp_obj_t)&fontio_module },
 #define TERMINALIO_MODULE      { MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_terminalio), (mp_obj_t)&terminalio_module },
-#define CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT (3)
+#define CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT (1)
 #else
 #define DISPLAYIO_MODULE
 #define FONTIO_MODULE
diff --git a/py/circuitpy_mpconfig.mk b/py/circuitpy_mpconfig.mk
index b217abdce..40523d91d 100644
--- a/py/circuitpy_mpconfig.mk
+++ b/py/circuitpy_mpconfig.mk
@@ -283,3 +283,9 @@ ifndef CIRCUITPY_USTACK
 CIRCUITPY_USTACK = 0
 endif
 CFLAGS += -DCIRCUITPY_USTACK=$(CIRCUITPY_USTACK)
+
+
+ifndef CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
+CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102 = 0
+endif
+CFLAGS += -DCIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102=$(CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102)
diff --git a/shared-bindings/_stage/__init__.c b/shared-bindings/_stage/__init__.c
index 6096f6b6d..d18d306f4 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/_stage/__init__.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/_stage/__init__.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include "shared-bindings/busio/SPI.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h"
 #include "shared-module/_stage/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/display_core.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "Text.h"
 
@@ -95,7 +96,8 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t stage_render(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *args) {
         scale = mp_obj_get_int(args[7]);
     }
 
-    while (!displayio_display_begin_transaction(display)) {
+    // TODO: Everything below should be in shared-module because it's not argument parsing.
+    while (!displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(&display->core)) {
         RUN_BACKGROUND_TASKS;
     }
     displayio_area_t area;
@@ -103,12 +105,12 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t stage_render(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *args) {
     area.y1 = y0;
     area.x2 = x1;
     area.y2 = y1;
-    displayio_display_set_region_to_update(display, &area);
+    displayio_display_core_set_region_to_update(&display->core, display->set_column_command, display->set_row_command, NO_COMMAND, NO_COMMAND, display->data_as_commands, false, &area);
 
-    display->send(display->bus, true, &display->write_ram_command, 1);
+    display->core.send(display->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE, &display->write_ram_command, 1);
     render_stage(x0, y0, x1, y1, layers, layers_size, buffer, buffer_size,
                  display, scale);
-    displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
+    displayio_display_core_end_transaction(&display->core);
 
     return mp_const_none;
 }
diff --git a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/I2C.c b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/I2C.c
index 0a3b03f51..01a128393 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/I2C.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/I2C.c
@@ -175,6 +175,23 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(bitbangio_i2c_unlock_obj, bitbangio_i2c_obj_unlock);
 //|      :param int start: Index to start writing at
 //|      :param int end: Index to write up to but not include
 //|
+// Shared arg parsing for readfrom_into and writeto_then_readfrom.
+STATIC void readfrom(bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self, mp_int_t address, mp_obj_t buffer, int32_t start, mp_int_t end) {
+    mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
+    mp_get_buffer_raise(buffer, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_WRITE);
+
+    size_t length = bufinfo.len;
+    normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, end, &length);
+    if (length == 0) {
+        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Buffer must be at least length 1"));
+    }
+
+    uint8_t status = shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_read(self, address, ((uint8_t*)bufinfo.buf) + start, length);
+    if (status != 0) {
+        mp_raise_OSError(status);
+    }
+}
+
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_readfrom_into(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
     enum { ARG_address, ARG_buffer, ARG_start, ARG_end };
     static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
@@ -185,33 +202,21 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_readfrom_into(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_a
     };
     bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
     check_for_deinit(self);
+    check_lock(self);
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
-    check_lock(self);
-    mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
-    mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_WRITE);
 
-    int32_t start = args[ARG_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t length = bufinfo.len;
-    normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, args[ARG_end].u_int, &length);
-    if (length == 0) {
-        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Buffer must be at least length 1"));
-    }
-    uint8_t status = shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_read(self,
-                                                      args[ARG_address].u_int,
-                                                      ((uint8_t*)bufinfo.buf) + start,
-                                                      length);
-    if (status != 0) {
-        mp_raise_OSError(status);
-    }
+    readfrom(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, args[ARG_start].u_int,
+             args[ARG_end].u_int);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(bitbangio_i2c_readfrom_into_obj, 3, bitbangio_i2c_readfrom_into);
 
 //|   .. method:: writeto(address, buffer, *, start=0, end=None, stop=True)
 //|
-//|      Write the bytes from ``buffer`` to the slave specified by ``address``.
-//|      Transmits a stop bit if ``stop`` is set.
+//|      Write the bytes from ``buffer`` to the slave specified by ``address`` and then transmits a
+//|      stop bit. Use `writeto_then_readfrom` when needing a write, no stop and repeated start
+//|      before a read.
 //|
 //|      If ``start`` or ``end`` is provided, then the buffer will be sliced
 //|      as if ``buffer[start:end]``. This will not cause an allocation like
@@ -224,9 +229,27 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(bitbangio_i2c_readfrom_into_obj, 3, bitbangio_i2c_rea
 //|      :param bytearray buffer: buffer containing the bytes to write
 //|      :param int start: Index to start writing from
 //|      :param int end: Index to read up to but not include
-//|      :param bool stop: If true, output an I2C stop condition after the
-//|                        buffer is written
+//|      :param bool stop: If true, output an I2C stop condition after the buffer is written.
+//|                        Deprecated. Will be removed in 6.x and act as stop=True.
 //|
+// Shared arg parsing for writeto and writeto_then_readfrom.
+STATIC void writeto(bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self, mp_int_t address, mp_obj_t buffer, int32_t start, mp_int_t end, bool stop) {
+    // get the buffer to write the data from
+    mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
+    mp_get_buffer_raise(buffer, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
+
+    size_t length = bufinfo.len;
+    normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, end, &length);
+
+    // do the transfer
+    uint8_t status = shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_write(self, address,
+                                                       ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf) + start, length,
+                                                       stop);
+    if (status != 0) {
+        mp_raise_OSError(status);
+    }
+}
+
 STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_writeto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
     enum { ARG_address, ARG_buffer, ARG_start, ARG_end, ARG_stop };
     static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
@@ -242,23 +265,56 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_writeto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, m
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
-    // get the buffer to write the data from
-    mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
-    mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
+    writeto(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, args[ARG_start].u_int,
+            args[ARG_end].u_int, args[ARG_stop].u_bool);
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(bitbangio_i2c_writeto_obj, 1, bitbangio_i2c_writeto);
 
-    int32_t start = args[ARG_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t length = bufinfo.len;
-    normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, args[ARG_end].u_int, &length);
 
-    // do the transfer
-    uint8_t status = shared_module_bitbangio_i2c_write(self, args[ARG_address].u_int,
-        ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf) + start, length, args[ARG_stop].u_bool);
-    if (status != 0) {
-        mp_raise_OSError(status);
-    }
+//|   .. method:: writeto_then_readfrom(address, out_buffer, in_buffer, *, out_start=0, out_end=None, in_start=0, in_end=None)
+//|
+//|      Write the bytes from ``out_buffer`` to the slave specified by ``address``, generate no stop
+//|      bit, generate a repeated start and read into ``in_buffer``. ``out_buffer`` and
+//|      ``in_buffer`` can be the same buffer because they are used sequentially.
+//|
+//|      If ``start`` or ``end`` is provided, then the corresponding buffer will be sliced
+//|      as if ``buffer[start:end]``. This will not cause an allocation like ``buf[start:end]``
+//|      will so it saves memory.
+//|
+//|      :param int address: 7-bit device address
+//|      :param bytearray out_buffer: buffer containing the bytes to write
+//|      :param bytearray in_buffer: buffer to write into
+//|      :param int out_start: Index to start writing from
+//|      :param int out_end: Index to read up to but not include. Defaults to ``len(buffer)``
+//|      :param int in_start: Index to start writing at
+//|      :param int in_end: Index to write up to but not include. Defaults to ``len(buffer)``
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_i2c_writeto_then_readfrom(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
+    enum { ARG_address, ARG_out_buffer, ARG_in_buffer, ARG_out_start, ARG_out_end, ARG_in_start, ARG_in_end };
+    static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
+        { MP_QSTR_address,    MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_out_buffer, MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ, {.u_obj = MP_OBJ_NULL} },
+        { MP_QSTR_in_buffer,  MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ, {.u_obj = MP_OBJ_NULL} },
+        { MP_QSTR_out_start,  MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_out_end,    MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
+        { MP_QSTR_in_start,   MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_in_end,     MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
+    };
+    bitbangio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
+    check_for_deinit(self);
+    check_lock(self);
+    mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
+    mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
+
+    writeto(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, args[ARG_out_buffer].u_obj, args[ARG_out_start].u_int,
+            args[ARG_out_end].u_int, false);
+    readfrom(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, args[ARG_in_buffer].u_obj, args[ARG_in_start].u_int,
+             args[ARG_in_end].u_int);
+
     return mp_const_none;
 }
-STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(bitbangio_i2c_writeto_obj, 1, bitbangio_i2c_writeto);
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(bitbangio_i2c_writeto_then_readfrom_obj, 3, bitbangio_i2c_writeto_then_readfrom);
 
 STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t bitbangio_i2c_locals_dict_table[] = {
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_deinit), MP_ROM_PTR(&bitbangio_i2c_deinit_obj) },
@@ -271,6 +327,7 @@ STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t bitbangio_i2c_locals_dict_table[] = {
 
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_writeto), MP_ROM_PTR(&bitbangio_i2c_writeto_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_readfrom_into), MP_ROM_PTR(&bitbangio_i2c_readfrom_into_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_writeto_then_readfrom), MP_ROM_PTR(&bitbangio_i2c_writeto_then_readfrom_obj) },
 };
 
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(bitbangio_i2c_locals_dict, bitbangio_i2c_locals_dict_table);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.c b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.c
index 88bd3d6cb..9a51bde66 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.c
@@ -275,13 +275,13 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t bitbangio_spi_write_readinto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_
     mp_buffer_info_t buf_out_info;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer_out].u_obj, &buf_out_info, MP_BUFFER_READ);
     int32_t out_start = args[ARG_out_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t out_length = buf_out_info.len;
+    size_t out_length = buf_out_info.len;
     normalize_buffer_bounds(&out_start, args[ARG_out_end].u_int, &out_length);
 
     mp_buffer_info_t buf_in_info;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer_in].u_obj, &buf_in_info, MP_BUFFER_WRITE);
     int32_t in_start = args[ARG_in_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t in_length = buf_in_info.len;
+    size_t in_length = buf_in_info.len;
     normalize_buffer_bounds(&in_start, args[ARG_in_end].u_int, &in_length);
 
     if (out_length != in_length) {
diff --git a/shared-bindings/busio/I2C.c b/shared-bindings/busio/I2C.c
index 0e639f0b5..3bd89e2e2 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/busio/I2C.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/busio/I2C.c
@@ -189,6 +189,23 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(busio_i2c_unlock_obj, busio_i2c_obj_unlock);
 //|      :param int start: Index to start writing at
 //|      :param int end: Index to write up to but not include. Defaults to ``len(buffer)``
 //|
+// Shared arg parsing for readfrom_into and writeto_then_readfrom.
+STATIC void readfrom(busio_i2c_obj_t *self, mp_int_t address, mp_obj_t buffer, int32_t start, mp_int_t end) {
+    mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
+    mp_get_buffer_raise(buffer, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_WRITE);
+
+    size_t length = bufinfo.len;
+    normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, end, &length);
+    if (length == 0) {
+        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Buffer must be at least length 1"));
+    }
+
+    uint8_t status = common_hal_busio_i2c_read(self, address, ((uint8_t*)bufinfo.buf) + start, length);
+    if (status != 0) {
+        mp_raise_OSError(status);
+    }
+}
+
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_readfrom_into(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
     enum { ARG_address, ARG_buffer, ARG_start, ARG_end };
     static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
@@ -203,21 +220,8 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_readfrom_into(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args,
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
-    mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
-    mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_WRITE);
-
-    int32_t start = args[ARG_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t length = bufinfo.len;
-    normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, args[ARG_end].u_int, &length);
-    if (length == 0) {
-        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Buffer must be at least length 1"));
-    }
-
-    uint8_t status = common_hal_busio_i2c_read(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, ((uint8_t*)bufinfo.buf) + start, length);
-    if (status != 0) {
-        mp_raise_OSError(status);
-    }
-
+    readfrom(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, args[ARG_start].u_int,
+             args[ARG_end].u_int);
     return mp_const_none;
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(busio_i2c_readfrom_into_obj, 3, busio_i2c_readfrom_into);
@@ -225,7 +229,9 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(busio_i2c_readfrom_into_obj, 3, busio_i2c_readfrom_in
 //|   .. method:: writeto(address, buffer, *, start=0, end=None, stop=True)
 //|
 //|      Write the bytes from ``buffer`` to the slave specified by ``address``.
-//|      Transmits a stop bit if ``stop`` is set.
+//|      Transmits a stop bit when stop is True. Setting stop=False is deprecated and stop will be
+//|      removed in CircuitPython 6.x. Use `writeto_then_readfrom` when needing a write, no stop and
+//|      repeated start before a read.
 //|
 //|      If ``start`` or ``end`` is provided, then the buffer will be sliced
 //|      as if ``buffer[start:end]``. This will not cause an allocation like
@@ -238,9 +244,26 @@ MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(busio_i2c_readfrom_into_obj, 3, busio_i2c_readfrom_in
 //|      :param bytearray buffer: buffer containing the bytes to write
 //|      :param int start: Index to start writing from
 //|      :param int end: Index to read up to but not include. Defaults to ``len(buffer)``
-//|      :param bool stop: If true, output an I2C stop condition after the
-//|                        buffer is written
+//|      :param bool stop: If true, output an I2C stop condition after the buffer is written.
+//|                        Deprecated. Will be removed in 6.x and act as stop=True.
 //|
+// Shared arg parsing for writeto and writeto_then_readfrom.
+STATIC void writeto(busio_i2c_obj_t *self, mp_int_t address, mp_obj_t buffer, int32_t start, mp_int_t end, bool stop) {
+    // get the buffer to write the data from
+    mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
+    mp_get_buffer_raise(buffer, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
+
+    size_t length = bufinfo.len;
+    normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, end, &length);
+
+    // do the transfer
+    uint8_t status = common_hal_busio_i2c_write(self, address, ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf) + start,
+                                                length, stop);
+    if (status != 0) {
+        mp_raise_OSError(status);
+    }
+}
+
 STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_writeto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
     enum { ARG_address, ARG_buffer, ARG_start, ARG_end, ARG_stop };
     static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
@@ -256,24 +279,55 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_writeto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_ma
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
-    // get the buffer to write the data from
-    mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
-    mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
+    writeto(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, args[ARG_start].u_int,
+            args[ARG_end].u_int, args[ARG_stop].u_bool);
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(busio_i2c_writeto_obj, 1, busio_i2c_writeto);
 
+//|   .. method:: writeto_then_readfrom(address, out_buffer, in_buffer, *, out_start=0, out_end=None, in_start=0, in_end=None)
+//|
+//|      Write the bytes from ``out_buffer`` to the slave specified by ``address``, generate no stop
+//|      bit, generate a repeated start and read into ``in_buffer``. ``out_buffer`` and
+//|      ``in_buffer`` can be the same buffer because they are used sequentially.
+//|
+//|      If ``start`` or ``end`` is provided, then the corresponding buffer will be sliced
+//|      as if ``buffer[start:end]``. This will not cause an allocation like ``buf[start:end]``
+//|      will so it saves memory.
+//|
+//|      :param int address: 7-bit device address
+//|      :param bytearray out_buffer: buffer containing the bytes to write
+//|      :param bytearray in_buffer: buffer to write into
+//|      :param int out_start: Index to start writing from
+//|      :param int out_end: Index to read up to but not include. Defaults to ``len(buffer)``
+//|      :param int in_start: Index to start writing at
+//|      :param int in_end: Index to write up to but not include. Defaults to ``len(buffer)``
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t busio_i2c_writeto_then_readfrom(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
+    enum { ARG_address, ARG_out_buffer, ARG_in_buffer, ARG_out_start, ARG_out_end, ARG_in_start, ARG_in_end };
+    static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
+        { MP_QSTR_address,    MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_out_buffer, MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ, {.u_obj = MP_OBJ_NULL} },
+        { MP_QSTR_in_buffer,  MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ, {.u_obj = MP_OBJ_NULL} },
+        { MP_QSTR_out_start,      MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_out_end,        MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
+        { MP_QSTR_in_start,      MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_in_end,        MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = INT_MAX} },
+    };
+    busio_i2c_obj_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(pos_args[0]);
+    check_for_deinit(self);
+    check_lock(self);
+    mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
+    mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
 
-    int32_t start = args[ARG_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t length = bufinfo.len;
-    normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, args[ARG_end].u_int, &length);
+    writeto(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, args[ARG_out_buffer].u_obj, args[ARG_out_start].u_int,
+            args[ARG_out_end].u_int, false);
+    readfrom(self, args[ARG_address].u_int, args[ARG_in_buffer].u_obj, args[ARG_in_start].u_int,
+             args[ARG_in_end].u_int);
 
-    // do the transfer
-    uint8_t status = common_hal_busio_i2c_write(self, args[ARG_address].u_int,
-        ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf) + start, length, args[ARG_stop].u_bool);
-    if (status != 0) {
-        mp_raise_OSError(status);
-    }
     return mp_const_none;
 }
-STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(busio_i2c_writeto_obj, 1, busio_i2c_writeto);
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(busio_i2c_writeto_then_readfrom_obj, 3, busio_i2c_writeto_then_readfrom);
 
 STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t busio_i2c_locals_dict_table[] = {
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_deinit), MP_ROM_PTR(&busio_i2c_deinit_obj) },
@@ -286,6 +340,7 @@ STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t busio_i2c_locals_dict_table[] = {
 
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_readfrom_into), MP_ROM_PTR(&busio_i2c_readfrom_into_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_writeto), MP_ROM_PTR(&busio_i2c_writeto_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_writeto_then_readfrom), MP_ROM_PTR(&busio_i2c_writeto_then_readfrom_obj) },
 };
 
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(busio_i2c_locals_dict, busio_i2c_locals_dict_table);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/busio/SPI.c b/shared-bindings/busio/SPI.c
index a7d7d515c..d47bf499a 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/busio/SPI.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/busio/SPI.c
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_write(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_
     mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
     int32_t start = args[ARG_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t length = bufinfo.len;
+    size_t length = bufinfo.len;
     normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, args[ARG_end].u_int, &length);
 
     if (length == 0) {
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_readinto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_m
     mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer].u_obj, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_WRITE);
     int32_t start = args[ARG_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t length = bufinfo.len;
+    size_t length = bufinfo.len;
     normalize_buffer_bounds(&start, args[ARG_end].u_int, &length);
 
     if (length == 0) {
@@ -337,13 +337,13 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t busio_spi_write_readinto(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args
     mp_buffer_info_t buf_out_info;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer_out].u_obj, &buf_out_info, MP_BUFFER_READ);
     int32_t out_start = args[ARG_out_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t out_length = buf_out_info.len;
+    size_t out_length = buf_out_info.len;
     normalize_buffer_bounds(&out_start, args[ARG_out_end].u_int, &out_length);
 
     mp_buffer_info_t buf_in_info;
     mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_buffer_in].u_obj, &buf_in_info, MP_BUFFER_WRITE);
     int32_t in_start = args[ARG_in_start].u_int;
-    uint32_t in_length = buf_in_info.len;
+    size_t in_length = buf_in_info.len;
     normalize_buffer_bounds(&in_start, args[ARG_in_end].u_int, &in_length);
 
     if (out_length != in_length) {
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c b/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
index 0c48b0cc5..1eb1943b8 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.c
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 //| Most people should not use this class directly. Use a specific display driver instead that will
 //| contain the initialization sequence at minimum.
 //|
-//| .. class:: Display(display_bus, init_sequence, *, width, height, colstart=0, rowstart=0, rotation=0, color_depth=16, grayscale=False, pixels_in_byte_share_row=True, bytes_per_cell=1, reverse_pixels_in_byte=False, set_column_command=0x2a, set_row_command=0x2b, write_ram_command=0x2c, set_vertical_scroll=0, backlight_pin=None, brightness_command=None, brightness=1.0, auto_brightness=False, single_byte_bounds=False, data_as_commands=False)
+//| .. class:: Display(display_bus, init_sequence, *, width, height, colstart=0, rowstart=0, rotation=0, color_depth=16, grayscale=False, pixels_in_byte_share_row=True, bytes_per_cell=1, reverse_pixels_in_byte=False, set_column_command=0x2a, set_row_command=0x2b, write_ram_command=0x2c, set_vertical_scroll=0, backlight_pin=None, brightness_command=None, brightness=1.0, auto_brightness=False, single_byte_bounds=False, data_as_commands=False, auto_refresh=True, native_frames_per_second=60)
 //|
 //|   Create a Display object on the given display bus (`displayio.FourWire` or `displayio.ParallelBus`).
 //|
@@ -102,9 +102,11 @@
 //|   :param bool auto_brightness: If True, brightness is controlled via an ambient light sensor or other mechanism.
 //|   :param bool single_byte_bounds: Display column and row commands use single bytes
 //|   :param bool data_as_commands: Treat all init and boundary data as SPI commands. Certain displays require this.
+//|   :param bool auto_refresh: Automatically refresh the screen
+//|   :param int native_frames_per_second: Number of display refreshes per second that occur with the given init_sequence.
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
-    enum { ARG_display_bus, ARG_init_sequence, ARG_width, ARG_height, ARG_colstart, ARG_rowstart, ARG_rotation, ARG_color_depth, ARG_grayscale, ARG_pixels_in_byte_share_row, ARG_bytes_per_cell, ARG_reverse_pixels_in_byte, ARG_set_column_command, ARG_set_row_command, ARG_write_ram_command, ARG_set_vertical_scroll, ARG_backlight_pin, ARG_brightness_command, ARG_brightness, ARG_auto_brightness, ARG_single_byte_bounds, ARG_data_as_commands };
+    enum { ARG_display_bus, ARG_init_sequence, ARG_width, ARG_height, ARG_colstart, ARG_rowstart, ARG_rotation, ARG_color_depth, ARG_grayscale, ARG_pixels_in_byte_share_row, ARG_bytes_per_cell, ARG_reverse_pixels_in_byte, ARG_set_column_command, ARG_set_row_command, ARG_write_ram_command, ARG_set_vertical_scroll, ARG_backlight_pin, ARG_brightness_command, ARG_brightness, ARG_auto_brightness, ARG_single_byte_bounds, ARG_data_as_commands, ARG_auto_refresh, ARG_native_frames_per_second };
     static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
         { MP_QSTR_display_bus, MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ },
         { MP_QSTR_init_sequence, MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ },
@@ -128,6 +130,8 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_a
         { MP_QSTR_auto_brightness, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
         { MP_QSTR_single_byte_bounds, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
         { MP_QSTR_data_as_commands, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
+        { MP_QSTR_auto_refresh, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = true} },
+        { MP_QSTR_native_frames_per_second, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = 60} },
     };
     mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
     mp_arg_parse_all(n_args, pos_args, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
@@ -178,7 +182,9 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_a
         brightness,
         args[ARG_auto_brightness].u_bool,
         args[ARG_single_byte_bounds].u_bool,
-        args[ARG_data_as_commands].u_bool
+        args[ARG_data_as_commands].u_bool,
+        args[ARG_auto_refresh].u_bool,
+        args[ARG_native_frames_per_second].u_int
         );
 
     return self;
@@ -212,27 +218,66 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_show(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t group_in)
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(displayio_display_show_obj, displayio_display_obj_show);
 
-//|   .. method:: refresh_soon()
+//|   .. method:: refresh(*, target_frames_per_second=60, minimum_frames_per_second=1)
 //|
-//|     Queues up a display refresh that happens in the background.
+//|     When auto refresh is off, waits for the target frame rate and then refreshes the display,
+//|     returning True. If the call has taken too long since the last refresh call for the given
+//|     target frame rate, then the refresh returns False immediately without updating the screen to
+//|     hopefully help getting caught up.
 //|
-STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_refresh_soon(mp_obj_t self_in) {
-    displayio_display_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
-    common_hal_displayio_display_refresh_soon(self);
-    return mp_const_none;
+//|     If the time since the last successful refresh is below the minimum frame rate, then an
+//|     exception will be raised. Set minimum_frames_per_second to 0 to disable.
+//|
+//|     When auto refresh is on, updates the display immediately. (The display will also update
+//|     without calls to this.)
+//|
+//|   :param int target_frames_per_second: How many times a second `refresh` should be called and the screen updated.
+//|   :param int minimum_frames_per_second: The minimum number of times the screen should be updated per second.
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_refresh(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
+    enum { ARG_target_frames_per_second, ARG_minimum_frames_per_second };
+    static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
+        { MP_QSTR_target_frames_per_second, MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 60} },
+        { MP_QSTR_minimum_frames_per_second, MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_INT, {.u_int = 1} },
+    };
+    mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
+    mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
+
+    displayio_display_obj_t *self = native_display(pos_args[0]);
+    uint32_t maximum_ms_per_real_frame = 0xffffffff;
+    mp_int_t minimum_frames_per_second = args[ARG_minimum_frames_per_second].u_int;
+    if (minimum_frames_per_second > 0) {
+        maximum_ms_per_real_frame = 1000 / minimum_frames_per_second;
+    }
+    return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_displayio_display_refresh(self, 1000 / args[ARG_target_frames_per_second].u_int, maximum_ms_per_real_frame));
 }
-MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_display_refresh_soon_obj, displayio_display_obj_refresh_soon);
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(displayio_display_refresh_obj, 1, displayio_display_obj_refresh);
 
-//|   .. method:: wait_for_frame()
+//|   .. attribute:: auto_refresh
 //|
-//|     Waits until the next frame has been transmitted to the display unless the wait count is
-//|     behind the rendered frames. In that case, this will return immediately with the wait count.
+//|     True when the display is refreshed automatically.
 //|
-STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_wait_for_frame(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_get_auto_refresh(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_display_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
+    return mp_obj_new_bool(common_hal_displayio_display_get_auto_refresh(self));
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_display_get_auto_refresh_obj, displayio_display_obj_get_auto_refresh);
+
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_set_auto_refresh(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t auto_refresh) {
     displayio_display_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
-    return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_displayio_display_wait_for_frame(self));
+
+    common_hal_displayio_display_set_auto_refresh(self, mp_obj_is_true(auto_refresh));
+
+    return mp_const_none;
 }
-MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_display_wait_for_frame_obj, displayio_display_obj_wait_for_frame);
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(displayio_display_set_auto_refresh_obj, displayio_display_obj_set_auto_refresh);
+
+const mp_obj_property_t displayio_display_auto_refresh_obj = {
+    .base.type = &mp_type_property,
+    .proxy = {(mp_obj_t)&displayio_display_get_auto_refresh_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&displayio_display_set_auto_refresh_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
+};
 
 //|   .. attribute:: brightness
 //|
@@ -361,7 +406,7 @@ const mp_obj_property_t displayio_display_rotation_obj = {
 //|
 STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_get_bus(mp_obj_t self_in) {
     displayio_display_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
-    return self->bus;
+    return common_hal_displayio_display_get_bus(self);
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_display_get_bus_obj, displayio_display_obj_get_bus);
 
@@ -397,18 +442,18 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_fill_row(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *po
     if (bufinfo.typecode != BYTEARRAY_TYPECODE) {
       mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Buffer is not a bytearray."));
     }
-    if (self->colorspace.depth != 16) {
+    if (self->core.colorspace.depth != 16) {
       mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Display must have a 16 bit colorspace."));
     }
 
     displayio_area_t area = {
       .x1 = 0,
       .y1 = y,
-      .x2 = self->width,
+      .x2 = self->core.width,
       .y2 = y + 1
     };
-    uint8_t pixels_per_word = (sizeof(uint32_t) * 8) / self->colorspace.depth;
-    uint16_t buffer_size = self->width / pixels_per_word;
+    uint8_t pixels_per_word = (sizeof(uint32_t) * 8) / self->core.colorspace.depth;
+    uint16_t buffer_size = self->core.width / pixels_per_word;
     uint16_t pixels_per_buffer = displayio_area_size(&area);
     if (pixels_per_buffer % pixels_per_word) {
       buffer_size += 1;
@@ -425,7 +470,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_fill_row(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *po
         mask[k] = 0x00000000;
       }
 
-      displayio_display_fill_area(self, &area, mask, result_buffer);
+      displayio_display_core_fill_area(&self->core, &area, mask, result_buffer);
       return result;
     } else {
       mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Buffer is too small"));
@@ -433,15 +478,13 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_display_obj_fill_row(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *po
 }
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(displayio_display_fill_row_obj, 1, displayio_display_obj_fill_row);
 
-
-
-
 STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t displayio_display_locals_dict_table[] = {
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_show), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_show_obj) },
-    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_refresh_soon), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_refresh_soon_obj) },
-    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_wait_for_frame), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_wait_for_frame_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_refresh), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_refresh_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_fill_row), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_fill_row_obj) },
 
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_auto_refresh), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_auto_refresh_obj) },
+
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_brightness), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_brightness_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_auto_brightness), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_auto_brightness_obj) },
 
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h b/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h
index e871cfc5c..a3c77e4e8 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
-#ifndef MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYBUSIO_DISPLAY_H
-#define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYBUSIO_DISPLAY_H
+#ifndef MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO_DISPLAY_H
+#define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO_DISPLAY_H
 
 #include "common-hal/microcontroller/Pin.h"
 
@@ -45,33 +45,27 @@ void common_hal_displayio_display_construct(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
     uint8_t set_column_command, uint8_t set_row_command, uint8_t write_ram_command, uint8_t set_vertical_scroll,
     uint8_t* init_sequence, uint16_t init_sequence_len, const mcu_pin_obj_t* backlight_pin, uint16_t brightness_command,
     mp_float_t brightness, bool auto_brightness,
-    bool single_byte_bounds, bool data_as_commands);
+    bool single_byte_bounds, bool data_as_commands, bool auto_refresh, uint16_t native_frames_per_second);
 
-int32_t common_hal_displayio_display_wait_for_frame(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
+bool common_hal_displayio_display_show(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
+                                       displayio_group_t* root_group);
 
-bool common_hal_displayio_display_show(displayio_display_obj_t* self, displayio_group_t* root_group);
+bool common_hal_displayio_display_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint32_t target_ms_per_frame, uint32_t maximum_ms_per_real_frame);
 
-void common_hal_displayio_display_refresh_soon(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-
-bool displayio_display_begin_transaction(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-void displayio_display_end_transaction(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-
-// The second point of the region is exclusive.
-void displayio_display_set_region_to_update(displayio_display_obj_t* self, displayio_area_t* area);
-bool displayio_display_frame_queued(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-
-bool displayio_display_refresh_queued(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-void displayio_display_finish_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-void displayio_display_send_pixels(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint8_t* pixels, uint32_t length);
-
-bool common_hal_displayio_display_get_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-void common_hal_displayio_display_set_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self, bool auto_brightness);
+bool common_hal_displayio_display_get_auto_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
+void common_hal_displayio_display_set_auto_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self, bool auto_refresh);
 
 uint16_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_width(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 uint16_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_height(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 uint16_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_rotation(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 
+bool common_hal_displayio_display_get_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
+void common_hal_displayio_display_set_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self, bool auto_brightness);
+
 mp_float_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 bool common_hal_displayio_display_set_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self, mp_float_t brightness);
 
-#endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYBUSIO_DISPLAY_H
+mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_bus(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
+
+
+#endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO_DISPLAY_H
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c b/shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81e06f82f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the Micro Python project, http://micropython.org/
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Scott Shawcroft for Adafruit Industries
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h"
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "lib/utils/context_manager_helpers.h"
+#include "py/binary.h"
+#include "py/objproperty.h"
+#include "py/objtype.h"
+#include "py/runtime.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/Group.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/microcontroller/Pin.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/util.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
+#include "supervisor/shared/translate.h"
+
+//| .. currentmodule:: displayio
+//|
+//| :class:`EPaperDisplay` -- Manage updating an epaper display over a display bus
+//| ==============================================================================
+//|
+//| This initializes an epaper display and connects it into CircuitPython. Unlike other
+//| objects in CircuitPython, EPaperDisplay objects live until `displayio.release_displays()`
+//| is called. This is done so that CircuitPython can use the display itself.
+//|
+//| Most people should not use this class directly. Use a specific display driver instead that will
+//| contain the startup and shutdown sequences at minimum.
+//|
+//| .. class:: EPaperDisplay(display_bus, start_sequence, stop_sequence, *, width, height, ram_width, ram_height, colstart=0, rowstart=0, rotation=0, set_column_window_command=None, set_row_window_command=None, single_byte_bounds=False, write_black_ram_command, black_bits_inverted=False, write_color_ram_command=None, color_bits_inverted=False, highlight_color=0x000000, refresh_display_command, refresh_time=40, busy_pin=None, busy_state=True, seconds_per_frame=180, always_toggle_chip_select=False)
+//|
+//|   Create a EPaperDisplay object on the given display bus (`displayio.FourWire` or `displayio.ParallelBus`).
+//|
+//|   The ``start_sequence`` and ``stop_sequence`` are bitpacked to minimize the ram impact. Every
+//|   command begins with a command byte followed by a byte to determine the parameter count and if
+//|   a delay is need after. When the top bit of the second byte is 1, the next byte will be the
+//|   delay time in milliseconds. The remaining 7 bits are the parameter count excluding any delay
+//|   byte. The third through final bytes are the remaining command parameters. The next byte will
+//|   begin a new command definition.
+//|
+//|   :param display_bus: The bus that the display is connected to
+//|   :type display_bus: displayio.FourWire or displayio.ParallelBus
+//|   :param buffer start_sequence: Byte-packed initialization sequence.
+//|   :param buffer stop_sequence: Byte-packed initialization sequence.
+//|   :param int width: Width in pixels
+//|   :param int height: Height in pixels
+//|   :param int ram_width: RAM width in pixels
+//|   :param int ram_height: RAM height in pixels
+//|   :param int colstart: The index if the first visible column
+//|   :param int rowstart: The index if the first visible row
+//|   :param int rotation: The rotation of the display in degrees clockwise. Must be in 90 degree increments (0, 90, 180, 270)
+//|   :param int set_column_window_command: Command used to set the start and end columns to update
+//|   :param int set_row_window_command: Command used so set the start and end rows to update
+//|   :param int set_current_column_command: Command used to set the current column location
+//|   :param int set_current_row_command: Command used to set the current row location
+//|   :param int write_black_ram_command: Command used to write pixels values into the update region
+//|   :param bool black_bits_inverted: True if 0 bits are used to show black pixels. Otherwise, 1 means to show black.
+//|   :param int write_color_ram_command: Command used to write pixels values into the update region
+//|   :param bool color_bits_inverted: True if 0 bits are used to show the color. Otherwise, 1 means to show color.
+//|   :param int highlight_color: RGB888 of source color to highlight with third ePaper color.
+//|   :param int refresh_display_command: Command used to start a display refresh
+//|   :param float refresh_time: Time it takes to refresh the display before the stop_sequence should be sent. Ignored when busy_pin is provided.
+//|   :param microcontroller.Pin busy_pin: Pin used to signify the display is busy
+//|   :param bool busy_state: State of the busy pin when the display is busy
+//|   :param float seconds_per_frame: Minimum number of seconds between screen refreshes
+//|   :param bool always_toggle_chip_select: When True, chip select is toggled every byte
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_epaperdisplay_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
+    enum { ARG_display_bus, ARG_start_sequence, ARG_stop_sequence, ARG_width, ARG_height, ARG_ram_width, ARG_ram_height, ARG_colstart, ARG_rowstart, ARG_rotation, ARG_set_column_window_command, ARG_set_row_window_command, ARG_set_current_column_command, ARG_set_current_row_command, ARG_write_black_ram_command, ARG_black_bits_inverted, ARG_write_color_ram_command, ARG_color_bits_inverted, ARG_highlight_color, ARG_refresh_display_command,  ARG_refresh_time, ARG_busy_pin, ARG_busy_state, ARG_seconds_per_frame, ARG_always_toggle_chip_select };
+    static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
+        { MP_QSTR_display_bus, MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ },
+        { MP_QSTR_start_sequence, MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ },
+        { MP_QSTR_stop_sequence, MP_ARG_REQUIRED | MP_ARG_OBJ },
+        { MP_QSTR_width, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_REQUIRED, },
+        { MP_QSTR_height, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_REQUIRED, },
+        { MP_QSTR_ram_width, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_REQUIRED, },
+        { MP_QSTR_ram_height, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY | MP_ARG_REQUIRED, },
+        { MP_QSTR_colstart, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_rowstart, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_rotation, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = 0} },
+        { MP_QSTR_set_column_window_command, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = NO_COMMAND} },
+        { MP_QSTR_set_row_window_command, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = NO_COMMAND} },
+        { MP_QSTR_set_current_column_command, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = NO_COMMAND} },
+        { MP_QSTR_set_current_row_command, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = NO_COMMAND} },
+        { MP_QSTR_write_black_ram_command, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_REQUIRED },
+        { MP_QSTR_black_bits_inverted, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
+        { MP_QSTR_write_color_ram_command, MP_ARG_OBJ | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_obj = mp_const_none} },
+        { MP_QSTR_color_bits_inverted, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
+        { MP_QSTR_highlight_color, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_int = 0x000000} },
+        { MP_QSTR_refresh_display_command, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_REQUIRED },
+        { MP_QSTR_refresh_time, MP_ARG_OBJ | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_obj = MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(40)} },
+        { MP_QSTR_busy_pin, MP_ARG_OBJ | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_obj = mp_const_none} },
+        { MP_QSTR_busy_state, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = true} },
+        { MP_QSTR_seconds_per_frame, MP_ARG_OBJ | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_obj = MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(180)} },
+        { MP_QSTR_always_toggle_chip_select, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
+    };
+    mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
+    mp_arg_parse_all(n_args, pos_args, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
+
+    mp_obj_t display_bus = args[ARG_display_bus].u_obj;
+
+    mp_buffer_info_t start_bufinfo;
+    mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_start_sequence].u_obj, &start_bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
+    mp_buffer_info_t stop_bufinfo;
+    mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_stop_sequence].u_obj, &stop_bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
+
+
+    mp_obj_t busy_pin_obj = args[ARG_busy_pin].u_obj;
+    assert_pin(busy_pin_obj, true);
+    const mcu_pin_obj_t* busy_pin = NULL;
+    if (busy_pin_obj != NULL && busy_pin_obj != mp_const_none) {
+        busy_pin = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(busy_pin_obj);
+        assert_pin_free(busy_pin);
+    }
+
+    mp_int_t rotation = args[ARG_rotation].u_int;
+    if (rotation % 90 != 0) {
+        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Display rotation must be in 90 degree increments"));
+    }
+
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t *self = NULL;
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT; i++) {
+        if (displays[i].display.base.type == NULL ||
+            displays[i].display.base.type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
+            self = &displays[i].epaper_display;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (self == NULL) {
+        mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("Too many displays"));
+    }
+
+    mp_float_t refresh_time = mp_obj_get_float(args[ARG_refresh_time].u_obj);
+    mp_float_t seconds_per_frame = mp_obj_get_float(args[ARG_seconds_per_frame].u_obj);
+
+    mp_int_t write_color_ram_command = NO_COMMAND;
+    mp_int_t highlight_color = args[ARG_highlight_color].u_int;
+    if (args[ARG_write_color_ram_command].u_obj != mp_const_none) {
+        write_color_ram_command = mp_obj_get_int(args[ARG_write_color_ram_command].u_obj);
+    }
+
+    self->base.type = &displayio_epaperdisplay_type;
+    common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_construct(
+        self,
+        display_bus,
+        start_bufinfo.buf, start_bufinfo.len, stop_bufinfo.buf, stop_bufinfo.len,
+        args[ARG_width].u_int, args[ARG_height].u_int, args[ARG_ram_width].u_int, args[ARG_ram_height].u_int, args[ARG_colstart].u_int, args[ARG_rowstart].u_int, rotation,
+        args[ARG_set_column_window_command].u_int, args[ARG_set_row_window_command].u_int,
+        args[ARG_set_current_column_command].u_int, args[ARG_set_current_row_command].u_int,
+        args[ARG_write_black_ram_command].u_int, args[ARG_black_bits_inverted].u_bool, write_color_ram_command, args[ARG_color_bits_inverted].u_bool, highlight_color, args[ARG_refresh_display_command].u_int, refresh_time,
+        busy_pin, args[ARG_busy_state].u_bool, seconds_per_frame, args[ARG_always_toggle_chip_select].u_bool
+        );
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+// Helper to ensure we have the native super class instead of a subclass.
+static displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* native_display(mp_obj_t display_obj) {
+    mp_obj_t native_display = mp_instance_cast_to_native_base(display_obj, &displayio_epaperdisplay_type);
+    mp_obj_assert_native_inited(native_display);
+    return MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(native_display);
+}
+
+//|   .. method:: show(group)
+//|
+//|     Switches to displaying the given group of layers. When group is None, the default
+//|     CircuitPython terminal will be shown.
+//|
+//|     :param Group group: The group to show.
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_show(mp_obj_t self_in, mp_obj_t group_in) {
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
+    displayio_group_t* group = NULL;
+    if (group_in != mp_const_none) {
+        group = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(native_group(group_in));
+    }
+
+    bool ok = common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_show(self, group);
+    if (!ok) {
+        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Group already used"));
+    }
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_2(displayio_epaperdisplay_show_obj, displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_show);
+
+//|   .. method:: refresh()
+//|
+//|     Refreshes the display immediately or raises an exception if too soon. Use
+//|     ``time.sleep(display.time_to_refresh)`` to sleep until a refresh can occur.
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_refresh(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
+    bool ok = common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_refresh(self);
+    if (!ok) {
+        mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("Refresh too soon"));
+    }
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_epaperdisplay_refresh_obj, displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_refresh);
+
+//|   .. attribute:: time_to_refresh
+//|
+//|     Time, in fractional seconds, until the ePaper display can be refreshed.
+//|
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_get_time_to_refresh(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
+    return mp_obj_new_float(common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_time_to_refresh(self) / 1000.0);
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_epaperdisplay_get_time_to_refresh_obj, displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_get_time_to_refresh);
+
+const mp_obj_property_t displayio_epaperdisplay_time_to_refresh_obj = {
+    .base.type = &mp_type_property,
+    .proxy = {(mp_obj_t)&displayio_epaperdisplay_get_time_to_refresh_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
+};
+
+//|   .. attribute:: width
+//|
+//|	Gets the width of the display in pixels
+//|
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_get_width(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
+    return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_width(self));
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_epaperdisplay_get_width_obj, displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_get_width);
+
+const mp_obj_property_t displayio_epaperdisplay_width_obj = {
+    .base.type = &mp_type_property,
+    .proxy = {(mp_obj_t)&displayio_epaperdisplay_get_width_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
+};
+
+//|   .. attribute:: height
+//|
+//|	Gets the height of the display in pixels
+//|
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_get_height(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
+    return MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_height(self));
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_epaperdisplay_get_height_obj, displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_get_height);
+
+const mp_obj_property_t displayio_epaperdisplay_height_obj = {
+    .base.type = &mp_type_property,
+    .proxy = {(mp_obj_t)&displayio_epaperdisplay_get_height_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
+};
+
+//|   .. attribute:: bus
+//|
+//|	The bus being used by the display
+//|
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_get_bus(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t *self = native_display(self_in);
+    return common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_bus(self);
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_epaperdisplay_get_bus_obj, displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_get_bus);
+
+const mp_obj_property_t displayio_epaperdisplay_bus_obj = {
+    .base.type = &mp_type_property,
+    .proxy = {(mp_obj_t)&displayio_epaperdisplay_get_bus_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj,
+              (mp_obj_t)&mp_const_none_obj},
+};
+
+
+STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t displayio_epaperdisplay_locals_dict_table[] = {
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_show), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_epaperdisplay_show_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_refresh), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_epaperdisplay_refresh_obj) },
+
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_width), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_epaperdisplay_width_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_height), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_epaperdisplay_height_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_bus), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_epaperdisplay_bus_obj) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_time_to_refresh), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_epaperdisplay_time_to_refresh_obj) },
+};
+STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(displayio_epaperdisplay_locals_dict, displayio_epaperdisplay_locals_dict_table);
+
+const mp_obj_type_t displayio_epaperdisplay_type = {
+    { &mp_type_type },
+    .name = MP_QSTR_EPaperDisplay,
+    .make_new = displayio_epaperdisplay_make_new,
+    .locals_dict = (mp_obj_dict_t*)&displayio_epaperdisplay_locals_dict,
+};
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h b/shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4b81c883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the Micro Python project, http://micropython.org/
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Scott Shawcroft for Adafruit Industries
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO_EPAPERDISPLAY_H
+#define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO_EPAPERDISPLAY_H
+
+#include "common-hal/microcontroller/Pin.h"
+
+#include "shared-module/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/Group.h"
+
+extern const mp_obj_type_t displayio_epaperdisplay_type;
+
+#define DELAY 0x80
+
+#define NO_COMMAND 0x100
+
+void common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_construct(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self,
+        mp_obj_t bus, uint8_t* start_sequence, uint16_t start_sequence_len, uint8_t* stop_sequence, uint16_t stop_sequence_len,
+        uint16_t width, uint16_t height, uint16_t ram_width, uint16_t ram_height, int16_t colstart, int16_t rowstart, uint16_t rotation,
+        uint16_t set_column_window_command, uint16_t set_row_window_command,
+        uint16_t set_current_column_command, uint16_t set_current_row_command,
+        uint16_t write_black_ram_command, bool black_bits_inverted, uint16_t write_color_ram_command, bool color_bits_inverted, uint32_t highlight_color, uint16_t refresh_display_command, mp_float_t refresh_time,
+        const mcu_pin_obj_t* busy_pin, bool busy_state, mp_float_t seconds_per_frame, bool always_toggle_chip_select);
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_refresh(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self);
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_show(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self, displayio_group_t* root_group);
+
+// Returns time in milliseconds.
+uint32_t common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_time_to_refresh(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self);
+
+uint16_t common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_width(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self);
+uint16_t common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_height(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self);
+
+mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_bus(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self);
+
+#endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO_EPAPERDISPLAY_H
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c b/shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c
index 0d41359ee..51203d460 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.c
@@ -103,33 +103,63 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_fourwire_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_
     return self;
 }
 
-//|   .. method:: send(command, data)
+//|   .. method:: reset()
+//|
+//|     Performs a hardware reset via the reset pin. Raises an exception if called when no reset pin
+//|     is available.
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_fourwire_obj_reset(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_fourwire_obj_t *self = self_in;
+
+    if (!common_hal_displayio_fourwire_reset(self)) {
+        mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("no reset pin available"));
+    }
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_fourwire_reset_obj, displayio_fourwire_obj_reset);
+
+//|   .. method:: send(command, data, *, toggle_every_byte=False)
 //|
 //|     Sends the given command value followed by the full set of data. Display state, such as
 //|     vertical scroll, set via ``send`` may or may not be reset once the code is done.
 //|
-STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_fourwire_obj_send(mp_obj_t self, mp_obj_t command_obj, mp_obj_t data_obj) {
-    mp_int_t command_int = MP_OBJ_SMALL_INT_VALUE(command_obj);
-    if (!MP_OBJ_IS_SMALL_INT(command_obj) || command_int > 255 || command_int < 0) {
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_fourwire_obj_send(size_t n_args, const mp_obj_t *pos_args, mp_map_t *kw_args) {
+    enum { ARG_command, ARG_data, ARG_toggle_every_byte };
+    static const mp_arg_t allowed_args[] = {
+        { MP_QSTR_command, MP_ARG_INT | MP_ARG_REQUIRED },
+        { MP_QSTR_data, MP_ARG_OBJ | MP_ARG_REQUIRED },
+        { MP_QSTR_toggle_every_byte, MP_ARG_BOOL | MP_ARG_KW_ONLY, {.u_bool = false} },
+    };
+    mp_arg_val_t args[MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args)];
+    mp_arg_parse_all(n_args - 1, pos_args + 1, kw_args, MP_ARRAY_SIZE(allowed_args), allowed_args, args);
+
+    mp_int_t command_int = args[ARG_command].u_int;
+    if (command_int > 255 || command_int < 0) {
         mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Command must be an int between 0 and 255"));
     }
+    displayio_fourwire_obj_t *self = pos_args[0];
     uint8_t command = command_int;
     mp_buffer_info_t bufinfo;
-    mp_get_buffer_raise(data_obj, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
+    mp_get_buffer_raise(args[ARG_data].u_obj, &bufinfo, MP_BUFFER_READ);
 
     // Wait for display bus to be available.
     while (!common_hal_displayio_fourwire_begin_transaction(self)) {
         RUN_BACKGROUND_TASKS;
     }
-    common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send(self, true, &command, 1);
-    common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send(self, false, ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf), bufinfo.len);
+    display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select = CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED;
+    if (args[ARG_toggle_every_byte].u_bool) {
+        chip_select = CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE;
+    }
+    common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send(self, DISPLAY_COMMAND, chip_select, &command, 1);
+    common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send(self, DISPLAY_DATA, chip_select, ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf), bufinfo.len);
     common_hal_displayio_fourwire_end_transaction(self);
 
     return mp_const_none;
 }
-MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_3(displayio_fourwire_send_obj, displayio_fourwire_obj_send);
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_KW(displayio_fourwire_send_obj, 3, displayio_fourwire_obj_send);
 
 STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t displayio_fourwire_locals_dict_table[] = {
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_reset), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_fourwire_reset_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_send), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_fourwire_send_obj) },
 };
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(displayio_fourwire_locals_dict, displayio_fourwire_locals_dict_table);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h b/shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h
index 5dbd60764..d0935f063 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 #define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYBUSIO_FOURWIRE_H
 
 #include "shared-module/displayio/FourWire.h"
+
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.h"
 #include "common-hal/microcontroller/Pin.h"
 
 #include "shared-module/displayio/Group.h"
@@ -40,9 +42,12 @@ void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_construct(displayio_fourwire_obj_t* self,
 
 void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_deinit(displayio_fourwire_obj_t* self);
 
+bool common_hal_displayio_fourwire_reset(mp_obj_t self);
+bool common_hal_displayio_fourwire_bus_free(mp_obj_t self);
+
 bool common_hal_displayio_fourwire_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t self);
 
-void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send(mp_obj_t self, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
+void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send(mp_obj_t self, display_byte_type_t byte_type, display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
 
 void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_end_transaction(mp_obj_t self);
 
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c b/shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
index 9ef989d71..4339d182f 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
@@ -95,6 +95,21 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_i2cdisplay_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t
     return self;
 }
 
+//|   .. method:: reset()
+//|
+//|     Performs a hardware reset via the reset pin. Raises an exception if called when no reset pin
+//|     is available.
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_reset(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t *self = self_in;
+
+    if (!common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_reset(self)) {
+        mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("no reset pin available"));
+    }
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_i2cdisplay_reset_obj, displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_reset);
+
 //|   .. method:: send(command, data)
 //|
 //|     Sends the given command value followed by the full set of data. Display state, such as
@@ -116,7 +131,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_send(mp_obj_t self, mp_obj_t command_ob
     uint8_t full_command[bufinfo.len + 1];
     full_command[0] = command;
     memcpy(full_command + 1, ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf), bufinfo.len);
-    common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_send(self, true, full_command, bufinfo.len + 1);
+    common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_send(self, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, full_command, bufinfo.len + 1);
     common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_end_transaction(self);
 
     return mp_const_none;
@@ -124,6 +139,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_send(mp_obj_t self, mp_obj_t command_ob
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_3(displayio_i2cdisplay_send_obj, displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_send);
 
 STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t displayio_i2cdisplay_locals_dict_table[] = {
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_reset), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_i2cdisplay_reset_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_send), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_i2cdisplay_send_obj) },
 };
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(displayio_i2cdisplay_locals_dict, displayio_i2cdisplay_locals_dict_table);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.h b/shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.h
index cc4162800..bae53c491 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.h
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.h
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 #define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYBUSIO_I2CDISPLAY_H
 
 #include "shared-module/displayio/I2CDisplay.h"
+
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.h"
 #include "common-hal/microcontroller/Pin.h"
 
 extern const mp_obj_type_t displayio_i2cdisplay_type;
@@ -37,9 +39,12 @@ void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_construct(displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t* self,
 
 void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_deinit(displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t* self);
 
+bool common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_reset(mp_obj_t self);
+bool common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_bus_free(mp_obj_t self);
+
 bool common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t self);
 
-void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_send(mp_obj_t self, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
+void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_send(mp_obj_t self, display_byte_type_t byte_type, display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
 
 void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_end_transaction(mp_obj_t self);
 
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c b/shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
index c29c79fff..f7195b9cc 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.c
@@ -106,6 +106,21 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_parallelbus_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t
     return self;
 }
 
+//|   .. method:: reset()
+//|
+//|     Performs a hardware reset via the reset pin. Raises an exception if called when no reset pin
+//|     is available.
+//|
+STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_parallelbus_obj_reset(mp_obj_t self_in) {
+    displayio_parallelbus_obj_t *self = self_in;
+
+    if (!common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_reset(self)) {
+        mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("no reset pin available"));
+    }
+    return mp_const_none;
+}
+MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(displayio_parallelbus_reset_obj, displayio_parallelbus_obj_reset);
+
 //|   .. method:: send(command, data)
 //|
 //|     Sends the given command value followed by the full set of data. Display state, such as
@@ -124,8 +139,8 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_parallelbus_obj_send(mp_obj_t self, mp_obj_t command_o
     while (!common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_begin_transaction(self)) {
         RUN_BACKGROUND_TASKS;
     }
-    common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(self, true, &command, 1);
-    common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(self, false, ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf), bufinfo.len);
+    common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(self, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, &command, 1);
+    common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(self, DISPLAY_DATA, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, ((uint8_t*) bufinfo.buf), bufinfo.len);
     common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_end_transaction(self);
 
     return mp_const_none;
@@ -133,6 +148,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t displayio_parallelbus_obj_send(mp_obj_t self, mp_obj_t command_o
 MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_3(displayio_parallelbus_send_obj, displayio_parallelbus_obj_send);
 
 STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t displayio_parallelbus_locals_dict_table[] = {
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_reset), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_parallelbus_reset_obj) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_send), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_parallelbus_send_obj) },
 };
 STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(displayio_parallelbus_locals_dict, displayio_parallelbus_locals_dict_table);
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.h b/shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.h
index c4cde5ff5..be2aef7d4 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.h
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.h
@@ -28,8 +28,9 @@
 #define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYBUSIO_PARALLELBUS_H
 
 #include "common-hal/displayio/ParallelBus.h"
-#include "common-hal/microcontroller/Pin.h"
 
+#include "common-hal/microcontroller/Pin.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.h"
 #include "shared-module/displayio/Group.h"
 
 extern const mp_obj_type_t displayio_parallelbus_type;
@@ -40,9 +41,12 @@ void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_construct(displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* sel
 
 void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_deinit(displayio_parallelbus_obj_t* self);
 
+bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_reset(mp_obj_t self);
+bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_bus_free(mp_obj_t self);
+
 bool common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t self);
 
-void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(mp_obj_t self, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
+void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send(mp_obj_t self, display_byte_type_t byte_type, display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
 
 void common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_end_transaction(mp_obj_t self);
 
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.c b/shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.c
index fd3dc4233..f78325593 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.c
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/Bitmap.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/ColorConverter.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/Group.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.h"
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@
 //|     Bitmap
 //|     ColorConverter
 //|     Display
+//|     EPaperDisplay
 //|     FourWire
 //|     Group
 //|     I2CDisplay
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@
 //|
 //|   Releases any actively used displays so their busses and pins can be used again. This will also
 //|   release the builtin display on boards that have one. You will need to reinitialize it yourself
-//|   afterwards.
+//|   afterwards. This may take seconds to complete if an active EPaperDisplay is refreshing.
 //|
 //|   Use this once in your code.py if you initialize a display. Place it right before the
 //|   initialization so the display is active as long as possible.
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@ STATIC const mp_rom_map_elem_t displayio_module_globals_table[] = {
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_Bitmap), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_bitmap_type) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_ColorConverter), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_colorconverter_type) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_Display), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_display_type) },
+    { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_EPaperDisplay), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_epaperdisplay_type) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_Group), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_group_type) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_OnDiskBitmap), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_ondiskbitmap_type) },
     { MP_ROM_QSTR(MP_QSTR_Palette), MP_ROM_PTR(&displayio_palette_type) },
diff --git a/shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.h b/shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.h
index 427ddb47d..122b1fbcb 100644
--- a/shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.h
+++ b/shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.h
@@ -27,6 +27,25 @@
 #ifndef MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO___INIT___H
 #define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO___INIT___H
 
+#include "py/obj.h"
+
+typedef enum {
+    DISPLAY_COMMAND,
+    DISPLAY_DATA
+} display_byte_type_t;
+
+
+typedef enum {
+    CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED,
+    CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE
+} display_chip_select_behavior_t;
+
+typedef bool (*display_bus_bus_reset)(mp_obj_t bus);
+typedef bool (*display_bus_bus_free)(mp_obj_t bus);
+typedef bool (*display_bus_begin_transaction)(mp_obj_t bus);
+typedef void (*display_bus_send)(mp_obj_t bus, display_byte_type_t byte_type, display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
+typedef void (*display_bus_end_transaction)(mp_obj_t bus);
+
 void common_hal_displayio_release_displays(void);
 
 #endif  // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_BINDINGS_DISPLAYIO___INIT___H
diff --git a/shared-module/_stage/__init__.c b/shared-module/_stage/__init__.c
index ca71b758e..2c525be87 100644
--- a/shared-module/_stage/__init__.c
+++ b/shared-module/_stage/__init__.c
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ void render_stage(uint16_t x0, uint16_t y0, uint16_t x1, uint16_t y1,
                     index += 1;
                     // The buffer is full, send it.
                     if (index >= buffer_size) {
-                        display->send(display->bus, false, ((uint8_t*)buffer),
+                        display->core.send(display->core.bus, DISPLAY_DATA, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, ((uint8_t*)buffer),
                                       buffer_size * 2);
                         index = 0;
                     }
@@ -67,6 +67,6 @@ void render_stage(uint16_t x0, uint16_t y0, uint16_t x1, uint16_t y1,
     }
     // Send the remaining data.
     if (index) {
-        display->send(display->bus, false, ((uint8_t*)buffer), index * 2);
+        display->core.send(display->core.bus, DISPLAY_DATA, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, ((uint8_t*)buffer), index * 2);
     }
 }
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/ColorConverter.c b/shared-module/displayio/ColorConverter.c
index 6b9bd5840..940aaa1c6 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/ColorConverter.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/ColorConverter.c
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/ColorConverter.h"
 
+#include "py/misc.h"
+
 void common_hal_displayio_colorconverter_construct(displayio_colorconverter_t* self) {
 }
 
@@ -45,10 +47,71 @@ uint8_t displayio_colorconverter_compute_luma(uint32_t color_rgb888) {
     return (r8 * 19) / 255 + (g8 * 182) / 255 + (b8 + 54) / 255;
 }
 
+uint8_t displayio_colorconverter_compute_chroma(uint32_t color_rgb888) {
+    uint32_t r8 = (color_rgb888 >> 16);
+    uint32_t g8 = (color_rgb888 >> 8) & 0xff;
+    uint32_t b8 = color_rgb888 & 0xff;
+    uint8_t max = MAX(r8, MAX(g8, b8));
+    uint8_t min = MIN(r8, MIN(g8, b8));
+    return max - min;
+}
+
+uint8_t displayio_colorconverter_compute_hue(uint32_t color_rgb888) {
+    uint32_t r8 = (color_rgb888 >> 16);
+    uint32_t g8 = (color_rgb888 >> 8) & 0xff;
+    uint32_t b8 = color_rgb888 & 0xff;
+    uint8_t max = MAX(r8, MAX(g8, b8));
+    uint8_t min = MIN(r8, MIN(g8, b8));
+    uint8_t c = max - min;
+    if (c == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int32_t hue = 0;
+    if (max == r8) {
+        hue = (((int32_t) (g8 - b8) * 40) / c) % 240;
+    } else if (max == g8) {
+        hue = (((int32_t) (b8 - r8) + (2 * c)) * 40) / c;
+    } else if (max == b8) {
+        hue = (((int32_t) (r8 - g8) + (4 * c)) * 40) / c;
+    }
+    if (hue < 0) {
+        hue += 240;
+    }
+
+    return hue;
+}
+
+void displayio_colorconverter_compute_tricolor(const _displayio_colorspace_t* colorspace, uint8_t pixel_hue, uint8_t pixel_luma, uint32_t*  color) {
+
+    int16_t hue_diff = colorspace->tricolor_hue - pixel_hue;
+    if ((-10 <= hue_diff && hue_diff <= 10) || hue_diff <= -220 || hue_diff >= 220) {
+        if (colorspace->grayscale) {
+            *color = 0;
+        } else {
+            *color = 1;
+        }
+    } else if (!colorspace->grayscale) {
+        *color = 0;
+    }
+}
+
 bool displayio_colorconverter_convert(displayio_colorconverter_t *self, const _displayio_colorspace_t* colorspace, uint32_t input_color, uint32_t* output_color) {
     if (colorspace->depth == 16) {
         *output_color = displayio_colorconverter_compute_rgb565(input_color);
         return true;
+    } else if (colorspace->tricolor) {
+        uint8_t luma = displayio_colorconverter_compute_luma(input_color);
+        *output_color = luma >> (8 - colorspace->depth);
+        if (displayio_colorconverter_compute_chroma(input_color) <= 16) {
+            if (!colorspace->grayscale) {
+                *output_color = 0;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        uint8_t pixel_hue = displayio_colorconverter_compute_hue(input_color);
+        displayio_colorconverter_compute_tricolor(colorspace, pixel_hue, luma, output_color);
+        return true;
     } else if (colorspace->grayscale && colorspace->depth <= 8) {
         uint8_t luma = displayio_colorconverter_compute_luma(input_color);
         *output_color = luma >> (8 - colorspace->depth);
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/ColorConverter.h b/shared-module/displayio/ColorConverter.h
index c48b98e6d..c79e6a2f7 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/ColorConverter.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/ColorConverter.h
@@ -42,5 +42,8 @@ void displayio_colorconverter_finish_refresh(displayio_colorconverter_t *self);
 bool displayio_colorconverter_convert(displayio_colorconverter_t *self, const _displayio_colorspace_t* colorspace, uint32_t input_color, uint32_t* output_color);
 uint16_t displayio_colorconverter_compute_rgb565(uint32_t color_rgb888);
 uint8_t displayio_colorconverter_compute_luma(uint32_t color_rgb888);
+uint8_t displayio_colorconverter_compute_chroma(uint32_t color_rgb888);
+uint8_t displayio_colorconverter_compute_hue(uint32_t color_rgb888);
+void displayio_colorconverter_compute_tricolor(const _displayio_colorspace_t* colorspace, uint8_t pixel_hue, uint8_t pixel_luma, uint32_t*  color);
 
 #endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_COLORCONVERTER_H
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Display.c b/shared-module/displayio/Display.c
index d11813b8c..f210a80c3 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Display.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Display.c
@@ -33,75 +33,64 @@
 #include "shared-bindings/microcontroller/Pin.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/time/__init__.h"
 #include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/display_core.h"
 #include "supervisor/shared/display.h"
+#include "supervisor/usb.h"
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "tick.h"
 
-#define DELAY 0x80
-
 void common_hal_displayio_display_construct(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
-        mp_obj_t bus, uint16_t width, uint16_t height, int16_t colstart, int16_t rowstart, uint16_t rotation,
-        uint16_t color_depth, bool grayscale, bool pixels_in_byte_share_row, uint8_t bytes_per_cell, bool reverse_pixels_in_byte,
-        uint8_t set_column_command, uint8_t set_row_command,
-        uint8_t write_ram_command, uint8_t set_vertical_scroll, uint8_t* init_sequence, uint16_t init_sequence_len,
-        const mcu_pin_obj_t* backlight_pin, uint16_t brightness_command, mp_float_t brightness, bool auto_brightness,
-        bool single_byte_bounds, bool data_as_commands) {
-    self->colorspace.depth = color_depth;
-    self->colorspace.grayscale = grayscale;
-    self->colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row = pixels_in_byte_share_row;
-    self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell = bytes_per_cell;
-    self->colorspace.reverse_pixels_in_byte = reverse_pixels_in_byte;
+        mp_obj_t bus, uint16_t width, uint16_t height, int16_t colstart, int16_t rowstart,
+        uint16_t rotation, uint16_t color_depth, bool grayscale, bool pixels_in_byte_share_row,
+        uint8_t bytes_per_cell, bool reverse_pixels_in_byte, uint8_t set_column_command,
+        uint8_t set_row_command, uint8_t write_ram_command, uint8_t set_vertical_scroll,
+        uint8_t* init_sequence, uint16_t init_sequence_len, const mcu_pin_obj_t* backlight_pin,
+        uint16_t brightness_command, mp_float_t brightness, bool auto_brightness,
+        bool single_byte_bounds, bool data_as_commands, bool auto_refresh, uint16_t native_frames_per_second) {
+    uint16_t ram_width = 0x100;
+    uint16_t ram_height = 0x100;
+    if (single_byte_bounds) {
+        ram_width = 0xff;
+        ram_height = 0xff;
+    }
+    displayio_display_core_construct(&self->core, bus, width, height, ram_width, ram_height, colstart, rowstart, rotation,
+        color_depth, grayscale, pixels_in_byte_share_row, bytes_per_cell, reverse_pixels_in_byte);
+
     self->set_column_command = set_column_command;
     self->set_row_command = set_row_command;
     self->write_ram_command = write_ram_command;
-    self->refresh = false;
-    self->current_group = NULL;
-    self->colstart = colstart;
-    self->rowstart = rowstart;
     self->brightness_command = brightness_command;
     self->auto_brightness = auto_brightness;
+    self->auto_refresh = auto_refresh;
+    self->first_manual_refresh = !auto_refresh;
     self->data_as_commands = data_as_commands;
-    self->single_byte_bounds = single_byte_bounds;
-
-    if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(bus, &displayio_parallelbus_type)) {
-        self->begin_transaction = common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_begin_transaction;
-        self->send = common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send;
-        self->end_transaction = common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_end_transaction;
-    } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(bus, &displayio_fourwire_type)) {
-        self->begin_transaction = common_hal_displayio_fourwire_begin_transaction;
-        self->send = common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send;
-        self->end_transaction = common_hal_displayio_fourwire_end_transaction;
-    } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(bus, &displayio_i2cdisplay_type)) {
-        self->begin_transaction = common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_begin_transaction;
-        self->send = common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_send;
-        self->end_transaction = common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_end_transaction;
-    } else {
-        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Unsupported display bus type"));
-    }
-    self->bus = bus;
+
+    self->native_frames_per_second = native_frames_per_second;
+    self->native_ms_per_frame = 1000 / native_frames_per_second;
 
     uint32_t i = 0;
-    while (!self->begin_transaction(self->bus)) {
-        RUN_BACKGROUND_TASKS;
-    }
     while (i < init_sequence_len) {
         uint8_t *cmd = init_sequence + i;
         uint8_t data_size = *(cmd + 1);
         bool delay = (data_size & DELAY) != 0;
         data_size &= ~DELAY;
         uint8_t *data = cmd + 2;
+        while (!displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(&self->core)) {
+            RUN_BACKGROUND_TASKS;
+        }
         if (self->data_as_commands) {
             uint8_t full_command[data_size + 1];
             full_command[0] = cmd[0];
             memcpy(full_command + 1, data, data_size);
-            self->send(self->bus, true, full_command, data_size + 1);
+            self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE, full_command, data_size + 1);
         } else {
-            self->send(self->bus, true, cmd, 1);
-            self->send(self->bus, false, data, data_size);
+            self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE, cmd, 1);
+            self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_DATA, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, data, data_size);
         }
+        self->core.end_transaction(self->core.bus);
         uint16_t delay_length_ms = 10;
         if (delay) {
             data_size++;
@@ -113,33 +102,9 @@ void common_hal_displayio_display_construct(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
         common_hal_time_delay_ms(delay_length_ms);
         i += 2 + data_size;
     }
-    self->end_transaction(self->bus);
 
     supervisor_start_terminal(width, height);
 
-    self->width = width;
-    self->height = height;
-    self->rotation = rotation % 360;
-    self->transform.x = 0;
-    self->transform.y = 0;
-    self->transform.scale = 1;
-    self->transform.mirror_x = false;
-    self->transform.mirror_y = false;
-    self->transform.transpose_xy = false;
-    if (rotation == 0 || rotation == 180) {
-        if (rotation == 180) {
-            self->transform.mirror_x = true;
-            self->transform.mirror_y = true;
-        }
-    } else {
-        self->transform.transpose_xy = true;
-        if (rotation == 270) {
-            self->transform.mirror_y = true;
-        } else {
-            self->transform.mirror_x = true;
-        }
-    }
-
     // Always set the backlight type in case we're reusing memory.
     self->backlight_inout.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
     if (backlight_pin != NULL && common_hal_mcu_pin_is_free(backlight_pin)) {
@@ -160,105 +125,25 @@ void common_hal_displayio_display_construct(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
         self->current_brightness = -1.0;
     }
 
-    self->area.x1 = 0;
-    self->area.y1 = 0;
-    self->area.next = NULL;
-
-    self->transform.dx = 1;
-    self->transform.dy = 1;
-    if (self->transform.transpose_xy) {
-        self->area.x2 = height;
-        self->area.y2 = width;
-        if (self->transform.mirror_x) {
-            self->transform.x = height;
-            self->transform.dx = -1;
-        }
-        if (self->transform.mirror_y) {
-            self->transform.y = width;
-            self->transform.dy = -1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        self->area.x2 = width;
-        self->area.y2 = height;
-        if (self->transform.mirror_x) {
-            self->transform.x = width;
-            self->transform.dx = -1;
-        }
-        if (self->transform.mirror_y) {
-            self->transform.y = height;
-            self->transform.dy = -1;
-        }
-    }
-
     // Set the group after initialization otherwise we may send pixels while we delay in
     // initialization.
     common_hal_displayio_display_show(self, &circuitpython_splash);
 }
 
 bool common_hal_displayio_display_show(displayio_display_obj_t* self, displayio_group_t* root_group) {
-    if (root_group == NULL) {
-        if (!circuitpython_splash.in_group) {
-            root_group = &circuitpython_splash;
-        } else if (self->current_group == &circuitpython_splash) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    if (root_group == self->current_group) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (root_group != NULL && root_group->in_group) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (self->current_group != NULL) {
-        self->current_group->in_group = false;
-    }
-
-    if (root_group != NULL) {
-        displayio_group_update_transform(root_group, &self->transform);
-        root_group->in_group = true;
-    }
-    self->current_group = root_group;
-    self->full_refresh = true;
-    common_hal_displayio_display_refresh_soon(self);
-    return true;
-}
-
-void common_hal_displayio_display_refresh_soon(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    self->refresh = true;
-}
-
-const displayio_area_t* displayio_display_get_refresh_areas(displayio_display_obj_t *self) {
-    if (self->full_refresh) {
-        self->area.next = NULL;
-        return &self->area;
-    } else {
-        return displayio_group_get_refresh_areas(self->current_group, NULL);
-    }
-}
-
-int32_t common_hal_displayio_display_wait_for_frame(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    uint64_t last_refresh = self->last_refresh;
-    // Don't try to refresh if we got an exception.
-    while (last_refresh == self->last_refresh && MP_STATE_VM(mp_pending_exception) == NULL) {
-        RUN_BACKGROUND_TASKS;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-bool common_hal_displayio_display_get_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    return self->auto_brightness;
+    return displayio_display_core_show(&self->core, root_group);
 }
 
 uint16_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_width(displayio_display_obj_t* self){
-    return self->width;
+    return displayio_display_core_get_width(&self->core);
 }
 
 uint16_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_height(displayio_display_obj_t* self){
-    return self->height;
+    return displayio_display_core_get_height(&self->core);
 }
 
-uint16_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_rotation(displayio_display_obj_t* self){
-    return self->rotation;
+bool common_hal_displayio_display_get_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    return self->auto_brightness;
 }
 
 void common_hal_displayio_display_set_auto_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self, bool auto_brightness) {
@@ -279,18 +164,18 @@ bool common_hal_displayio_display_set_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->backlight_inout, brightness > 0.99);
         ok = true;
     } else if (self->brightness_command != NO_BRIGHTNESS_COMMAND) {
-        ok = self->begin_transaction(self->bus);
+        ok = displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(&self->core);
         if (ok) {
             if (self->data_as_commands) {
                 uint8_t set_brightness[2] = {self->brightness_command, (uint8_t) (0xff * brightness)};
-                self->send(self->bus, true, set_brightness, 2);
+                self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE, set_brightness, 2);
             } else {
                 uint8_t command = self->brightness_command;
                 uint8_t hex_brightness = 0xff * brightness;
-                self->send(self->bus, true, &command, 1);
-                self->send(self->bus, false, &hex_brightness, 1);
+                self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE, &command, 1);
+                self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_DATA, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, &hex_brightness, 1);
             }
-            self->end_transaction(self->bus);
+            displayio_display_core_end_transaction(&self->core);
         }
 
     }
@@ -301,102 +186,165 @@ bool common_hal_displayio_display_set_brightness(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
     return ok;
 }
 
-bool displayio_display_begin_transaction(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    return self->begin_transaction(self->bus);
+mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_bus(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    return self->core.bus;
 }
 
-void displayio_display_end_transaction(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    self->end_transaction(self->bus);
+STATIC const displayio_area_t* _get_refresh_areas(displayio_display_obj_t *self) {
+    if (self->core.full_refresh) {
+        self->core.area.next = NULL;
+        return &self->core.area;
+    } else if (self->core.current_group != NULL) {
+        return displayio_group_get_refresh_areas(self->core.current_group, NULL);
+    }
+    return NULL;
 }
 
-void displayio_display_set_region_to_update(displayio_display_obj_t* self, displayio_area_t* area) {
-    uint16_t x1 = area->x1;
-    uint16_t x2 = area->x2;
-    uint16_t y1 = area->y1;
-    uint16_t y2 = area->y2;
-    // Collapse down the dimension where multiple pixels are in a byte.
-    if (self->colorspace.depth < 8) {
-        uint8_t pixels_per_byte = 8 / self->colorspace.depth;
-        if (self->colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row) {
-            x1 /= pixels_per_byte * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
-            x2 /= pixels_per_byte * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
-        } else {
-            y1 /= pixels_per_byte * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
-            y2 /= pixels_per_byte * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
-        }
+STATIC void _send_pixels(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint8_t* pixels, uint32_t length) {
+    if (!self->data_as_commands) {
+        self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE, &self->write_ram_command, 1);
     }
+    self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_DATA, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, pixels, length);
+}
 
-    // Set column.
-    uint8_t data[5];
-    data[0] = self->set_column_command;
-    uint8_t data_length = 1;
-    if (!self->data_as_commands) {
-        self->send(self->bus, true, data, 1);
-        data_length = 0;
+STATIC bool _refresh_area(displayio_display_obj_t* self, const displayio_area_t* area) {
+    uint16_t buffer_size = 128; // In uint32_ts
+
+    displayio_area_t clipped;
+    // Clip the area to the display by overlapping the areas. If there is no overlap then we're done.
+    if (!displayio_display_core_clip_area(&self->core, area, &clipped)) {
+        return true;
     }
-    if (self->single_byte_bounds) {
-        data[data_length++] = x1 + self->colstart;
-        data[data_length++] = x2 - 1 + self->colstart;
-    } else {
-        x1 += self->colstart;
-        x2 += self->colstart - 1;
-        data[data_length++] = x1 >> 8;
-        data[data_length++] = x1 & 0xff;
-        data[data_length++] = x2 >> 8;
-        data[data_length++] = x2 & 0xff;
+    uint16_t subrectangles = 1;
+    uint16_t rows_per_buffer = displayio_area_height(&clipped);
+    uint8_t pixels_per_word = (sizeof(uint32_t) * 8) / self->core.colorspace.depth;
+    uint16_t pixels_per_buffer = displayio_area_size(&clipped);
+    if (displayio_area_size(&clipped) > buffer_size * pixels_per_word) {
+        rows_per_buffer = buffer_size * pixels_per_word / displayio_area_width(&clipped);
+        if (rows_per_buffer == 0) {
+            rows_per_buffer = 1;
+        }
+        // If pixels are packed by column then ensure rows_per_buffer is on a byte boundary.
+        if (self->core.colorspace.depth < 8 && !self->core.colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row) {
+            uint8_t pixels_per_byte = 8 / self->core.colorspace.depth;
+            if (rows_per_buffer % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
+                rows_per_buffer -= rows_per_buffer % pixels_per_byte;
+            }
+        }
+        subrectangles = displayio_area_height(&clipped) / rows_per_buffer;
+        if (displayio_area_height(&clipped) % rows_per_buffer != 0) {
+            subrectangles++;
+        }
+        pixels_per_buffer = rows_per_buffer * displayio_area_width(&clipped);
+        buffer_size = pixels_per_buffer / pixels_per_word;
+        if (pixels_per_buffer % pixels_per_word) {
+            buffer_size += 1;
+        }
     }
-    self->send(self->bus, self->data_as_commands, data, data_length);
 
-    // Set row.
-    data[0] = self->set_row_command;
-    data_length = 1;
-    if (!self->data_as_commands) {
-        self->send(self->bus, true, data, 1);
-        data_length = 0;
+    // Allocated and shared as a uint32_t array so the compiler knows the
+    // alignment everywhere.
+    uint32_t buffer[buffer_size];
+    uint32_t mask_length = (pixels_per_buffer / 32) + 1;
+    uint32_t mask[mask_length];
+    uint16_t remaining_rows = displayio_area_height(&clipped);
+
+    for (uint16_t j = 0; j < subrectangles; j++) {
+        displayio_area_t subrectangle = {
+            .x1 = clipped.x1,
+            .y1 = clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * j,
+            .x2 = clipped.x2,
+            .y2 = clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * (j + 1)
+        };
+        if (remaining_rows < rows_per_buffer) {
+            subrectangle.y2 = subrectangle.y1 + remaining_rows;
+        }
+        remaining_rows -= rows_per_buffer;
+
+        displayio_display_core_set_region_to_update(&self->core, self->set_column_command, self->set_row_command, NO_COMMAND, NO_COMMAND, self->data_as_commands, false, &subrectangle);
+
+        uint16_t subrectangle_size_bytes;
+        if (self->core.colorspace.depth >= 8) {
+            subrectangle_size_bytes = displayio_area_size(&subrectangle) * (self->core.colorspace.depth / 8);
+        } else {
+            subrectangle_size_bytes = displayio_area_size(&subrectangle) / (8 / self->core.colorspace.depth);
+        }
+
+        memset(mask, 0, mask_length * sizeof(mask[0]));
+        memset(buffer, 0, buffer_size * sizeof(buffer[0]));
+
+        displayio_display_core_fill_area(&self->core, &subrectangle, mask, buffer);
+
+        // Can't acquire display bus; skip the rest of the data.
+        if (!displayio_display_core_bus_free(&self->core)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(&self->core);
+        _send_pixels(self, (uint8_t*) buffer, subrectangle_size_bytes);
+        displayio_display_core_end_transaction(&self->core);
+
+        // TODO(tannewt): Make refresh displays faster so we don't starve other
+        // background tasks.
+        usb_background();
     }
-    if (self->single_byte_bounds) {
-        data[data_length++] = y1 + self->rowstart;
-        data[data_length++] = y2 - 1 + self->rowstart;
-    } else {
-        y1 += self->rowstart;
-        y2 += self->rowstart - 1;
-        data[data_length++] = y1 >> 8;
-        data[data_length++] = y1 & 0xff;
-        data[data_length++] = y2 >> 8;
-        data[data_length++] = y2 & 0xff;
+    return true;
+}
+
+STATIC void _refresh_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    if (!displayio_display_core_bus_free(&self->core)) {
+        // Can't acquire display bus; skip updating this display. Try next display.
+        return;
     }
-    self->send(self->bus, self->data_as_commands, data, data_length);
+    displayio_display_core_start_refresh(&self->core);
+    const displayio_area_t* current_area = _get_refresh_areas(self);
+    while (current_area != NULL) {
+        _refresh_area(self, current_area);
+        current_area = current_area->next;
+    }
+    displayio_display_core_finish_refresh(&self->core);
 }
 
-void displayio_display_start_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    self->last_refresh = ticks_ms;
+uint16_t common_hal_displayio_display_get_rotation(displayio_display_obj_t* self){
+    return self->core.rotation;
 }
 
-bool displayio_display_frame_queued(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    if (self->current_group == NULL) {
-        return false;
+bool common_hal_displayio_display_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint32_t target_ms_per_frame, uint32_t maximum_ms_per_real_frame) {
+    if (!self->auto_refresh && !self->first_manual_refresh) {
+        uint64_t current_time = ticks_ms;
+        uint32_t current_ms_since_real_refresh = current_time - self->core.last_refresh;
+        // Test to see if the real frame time is below our minimum.
+        if (current_ms_since_real_refresh > maximum_ms_per_real_frame) {
+            mp_raise_RuntimeError(translate("Below minimum frame rate"));
+        }
+        uint32_t current_ms_since_last_call = current_time - self->last_refresh_call;
+        self->last_refresh_call = current_time;
+        // Skip the actual refresh to help catch up.
+        if (current_ms_since_last_call > target_ms_per_frame) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        uint32_t remaining_time = target_ms_per_frame - (current_ms_since_real_refresh % target_ms_per_frame);
+        // We're ahead of the game so wait until we align with the frame rate.
+        while (ticks_ms - self->last_refresh_call < remaining_time) {
+            RUN_BACKGROUND_TASKS;
+        }
     }
-    // Refresh at ~60 fps.
-    return (ticks_ms - self->last_refresh) > 16;
+    self->first_manual_refresh = false;
+    _refresh_display(self);
+    return true;
 }
 
-void displayio_display_finish_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    if (self->current_group != NULL) {
-        displayio_group_finish_refresh(self->current_group);
-    }
-    self->refresh = false;
-    self->full_refresh = false;
-    self->last_refresh = ticks_ms;
+bool common_hal_displayio_display_get_auto_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    return self->auto_refresh;
 }
 
-void displayio_display_send_pixels(displayio_display_obj_t* self, uint8_t* pixels, uint32_t length) {
-    if (!self->data_as_commands) {
-        self->send(self->bus, true, &self->write_ram_command, 1);
-    }
-    self->send(self->bus, false, pixels, length);
+void common_hal_displayio_display_set_auto_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self,
+                                                   bool auto_refresh) {
+    self->first_manual_refresh = !auto_refresh;
+    self->auto_refresh = auto_refresh;
 }
 
-void displayio_display_update_backlight(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+STATIC void _update_backlight(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
     if (!self->auto_brightness || self->updating_backlight) {
         return;
     }
@@ -410,11 +358,16 @@ void displayio_display_update_backlight(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
     self->last_backlight_refresh = ticks_ms;
 }
 
-void release_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
-    if (self->current_group != NULL) {
-        self->current_group->in_group = false;
+void displayio_display_background(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    _update_backlight(self);
+
+    if (self->auto_refresh && (ticks_ms - self->core.last_refresh) > self->native_ms_per_frame) {
+        _refresh_display(self);
     }
+}
 
+void release_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    release_display_core(&self->core);
     if (self->backlight_pwm.base.type == &pulseio_pwmout_type) {
         common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_reset_ok(&self->backlight_pwm);
         common_hal_pulseio_pwmout_deinit(&self->backlight_pwm);
@@ -423,34 +376,12 @@ void release_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
     }
 }
 
-bool displayio_display_fill_area(displayio_display_obj_t *self, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer) {
-    return displayio_group_fill_area(self->current_group, &self->colorspace, area, mask, buffer);
+void reset_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    self->auto_refresh = true;
+    self->auto_brightness = true;
+    common_hal_displayio_display_show(self, NULL);
 }
 
-bool displayio_display_clip_area(displayio_display_obj_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, displayio_area_t* clipped) {
-    bool overlaps = displayio_area_compute_overlap(&self->area, area, clipped);
-    if (!overlaps) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Expand the area if we have multiple pixels per byte and we need to byte
-    // align the bounds.
-    if (self->colorspace.depth < 8) {
-        uint8_t pixels_per_byte = 8 / self->colorspace.depth * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
-        if (self->colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row) {
-            if (clipped->x1 % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
-                clipped->x1 -= clipped->x1 % pixels_per_byte;
-            }
-            if (clipped->x2 % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
-                clipped->x2 += pixels_per_byte - clipped->x2 % pixels_per_byte;
-            }
-        } else {
-            if (clipped->y1 % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
-                clipped->y1 -= clipped->y1 % pixels_per_byte;
-            }
-            if (clipped->y2 % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
-                clipped->y2 += pixels_per_byte - clipped->y2 % pixels_per_byte;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
+void displayio_display_collect_ptrs(displayio_display_obj_t* self) {
+    displayio_display_core_collect_ptrs(&self->core);
 }
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Display.h b/shared-module/displayio/Display.h
index 74ae175b1..e5fe0a708 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Display.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Display.h
@@ -32,50 +32,35 @@
 #include "shared-bindings/pulseio/PWMOut.h"
 
 #include "shared-module/displayio/area.h"
-
-typedef bool (*display_bus_begin_transaction)(mp_obj_t bus);
-typedef void (*display_bus_send)(mp_obj_t bus, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length);
-typedef void (*display_bus_end_transaction)(mp_obj_t bus);
+#include "shared-module/displayio/display_core.h"
 
 typedef struct {
     mp_obj_base_t base;
-    mp_obj_t bus;
-    displayio_group_t *current_group;
-    uint64_t last_refresh;
-    display_bus_begin_transaction begin_transaction;
-    display_bus_send send;
-    display_bus_end_transaction end_transaction;
+    displayio_display_core_t core;
     union {
         digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t backlight_inout;
         pulseio_pwmout_obj_t backlight_pwm;
     };
     uint64_t last_backlight_refresh;
-    displayio_buffer_transform_t transform;
-    displayio_area_t area;
+    uint64_t last_refresh_call;
     mp_float_t current_brightness;
-    uint16_t width;
-    uint16_t height;
-    uint16_t rotation;
-    _displayio_colorspace_t colorspace;
-    int16_t colstart;
-    int16_t rowstart;
     uint16_t brightness_command;
+    uint16_t native_frames_per_second;
+    uint16_t native_ms_per_frame;
     uint8_t set_column_command;
     uint8_t set_row_command;
     uint8_t write_ram_command;
-    bool refresh;
-    bool single_byte_bounds;
+    bool auto_refresh;
+    bool first_manual_refresh;
     bool data_as_commands;
     bool auto_brightness;
     bool updating_backlight;
-    bool full_refresh; // New group means we need to refresh the whole display.
 } displayio_display_obj_t;
 
-void displayio_display_start_refresh(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-const displayio_area_t* displayio_display_get_refresh_areas(displayio_display_obj_t *self);
-bool displayio_display_fill_area(displayio_display_obj_t *self, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer);
-void displayio_display_update_backlight(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
-bool displayio_display_clip_area(displayio_display_obj_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, displayio_area_t* clipped);
+void displayio_display_background(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 void release_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
+void reset_display(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
+
+void displayio_display_collect_ptrs(displayio_display_obj_t* self);
 
 #endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_DISPLAY_H
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c b/shared-module/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..efbd9f3dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/EPaperDisplay.c
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the MicroPython project, http://micropython.org/
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Scott Shawcroft for Adafruit Industries
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h"
+
+#include "py/runtime.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/ColorConverter.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/microcontroller/Pin.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/time/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
+#include "supervisor/shared/display.h"
+#include "supervisor/usb.h"
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "tick.h"
+
+void common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_construct(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self,
+        mp_obj_t bus, uint8_t* start_sequence, uint16_t start_sequence_len, uint8_t* stop_sequence, uint16_t stop_sequence_len,
+        uint16_t width, uint16_t height, uint16_t ram_width, uint16_t ram_height,
+        int16_t colstart, int16_t rowstart, uint16_t rotation,
+        uint16_t set_column_window_command, uint16_t set_row_window_command,
+        uint16_t set_current_column_command, uint16_t set_current_row_command,
+        uint16_t write_black_ram_command, bool black_bits_inverted, uint16_t write_color_ram_command, bool color_bits_inverted, uint32_t highlight_color, uint16_t refresh_display_command, mp_float_t refresh_time,
+        const mcu_pin_obj_t* busy_pin, bool busy_state, mp_float_t seconds_per_frame, bool chip_select) {
+    if (highlight_color != 0x000000) {
+        self->core.colorspace.tricolor = true;
+        self->core.colorspace.tricolor_hue = displayio_colorconverter_compute_hue(highlight_color);
+        self->core.colorspace.tricolor_luma = displayio_colorconverter_compute_luma(highlight_color);
+    }
+
+    displayio_display_core_construct(&self->core, bus, width, height, ram_width, ram_height, colstart, rowstart, rotation, 1, true, true, 1, true);
+
+    self->set_column_window_command = set_column_window_command;
+    self->set_row_window_command = set_row_window_command;
+    self->set_current_column_command = set_current_column_command;
+    self->set_current_row_command = set_current_row_command;
+    self->write_black_ram_command = write_black_ram_command;
+    self->black_bits_inverted = black_bits_inverted;
+    self->write_color_ram_command = write_color_ram_command;
+    self->color_bits_inverted = color_bits_inverted;
+    self->refresh_display_command = refresh_display_command;
+    self->refresh_time = refresh_time * 1000;
+    self->busy_state = busy_state;
+    self->refreshing = false;
+    self->milliseconds_per_frame = seconds_per_frame * 1000;
+    self->chip_select = chip_select ? CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE : CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED;
+
+    self->start_sequence = start_sequence;
+    self->start_sequence_len = start_sequence_len;
+    self->stop_sequence = stop_sequence;
+    self->stop_sequence_len = stop_sequence_len;
+
+    self->busy.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
+    if (busy_pin != NULL) {
+        self->busy.base.type = &digitalio_digitalinout_type;
+        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->busy, busy_pin);
+        never_reset_pin_number(busy_pin->number);
+    }
+
+    // Clear the color memory if it isn't in use.
+    if (highlight_color == 0x00 && write_color_ram_command != NO_COMMAND) {
+        // TODO: Clear
+    }
+
+    supervisor_start_terminal(width, height);
+
+    // Set the group after initialization otherwise we may send pixels while we delay in
+    // initialization.
+    common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_show(self, &circuitpython_splash);
+}
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_show(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self, displayio_group_t* root_group) {
+    return displayio_display_core_show(&self->core, root_group);
+}
+
+const displayio_area_t* displayio_epaperdisplay_get_refresh_areas(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t *self) {
+    if (self->core.full_refresh) {
+        self->core.area.next = NULL;
+        return &self->core.area;
+    }
+    const displayio_area_t* first_area = NULL;
+    if (self->core.current_group != NULL) {
+        first_area = displayio_group_get_refresh_areas(self->core.current_group, NULL);
+    }
+    if (first_area != NULL && self->set_row_window_command == NO_COMMAND) {
+        self->core.area.next = NULL;
+        return &self->core.area;
+    }
+    return first_area;
+}
+
+uint16_t common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_width(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self){
+    return displayio_display_core_get_width(&self->core);
+}
+
+uint16_t common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_height(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self){
+    return displayio_display_core_get_height(&self->core);
+}
+
+STATIC void wait_for_busy(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    if (self->busy.base.type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
+        return;
+    }
+    while (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_value(&self->busy) == self->busy_state) {
+        RUN_BACKGROUND_TASKS;
+    }
+}
+
+STATIC void send_command_sequence(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self, bool should_wait_for_busy, uint8_t* sequence, uint32_t sequence_len) {
+    uint32_t i = 0;
+    while (i < sequence_len) {
+        uint8_t *cmd = sequence + i;
+        uint8_t data_size = *(cmd + 1);
+        bool delay = (data_size & DELAY) != 0;
+        data_size &= ~DELAY;
+        uint8_t *data = cmd + 2;
+        displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(&self->core);
+        self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, self->chip_select, cmd, 1);
+        self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_DATA, self->chip_select, data, data_size);
+        displayio_display_core_end_transaction(&self->core);
+        uint16_t delay_length_ms = 0;
+        if (delay) {
+            data_size++;
+            delay_length_ms = *(cmd + 1 + data_size);
+            if (delay_length_ms == 255) {
+                delay_length_ms = 500;
+            }
+        }
+        common_hal_time_delay_ms(delay_length_ms);
+        if (should_wait_for_busy) {
+            wait_for_busy(self);
+        }
+        i += 2 + data_size;
+    }
+}
+
+void displayio_epaperdisplay_start_refresh(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    // run start sequence
+    self->core.bus_reset(self->core.bus);
+
+    send_command_sequence(self, true, self->start_sequence, self->start_sequence_len);
+    displayio_display_core_start_refresh(&self->core);
+}
+
+uint32_t common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_time_to_refresh(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    if (self->core.last_refresh == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // Refresh at seconds per frame rate.
+    uint32_t elapsed_time = ticks_ms - self->core.last_refresh;
+    if (elapsed_time > self->milliseconds_per_frame) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return self->milliseconds_per_frame - elapsed_time;
+}
+
+void displayio_epaperdisplay_finish_refresh(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    // Actually refresh the display now that all pixel RAM has been updated.
+    displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(&self->core);
+    self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, self->chip_select, &self->refresh_display_command, 1);
+    displayio_display_core_end_transaction(&self->core);
+    self->refreshing = true;
+
+    displayio_display_core_finish_refresh(&self->core);
+}
+
+mp_obj_t common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_bus(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    return self->core.bus;
+}
+
+bool displayio_epaperdisplay_refresh_area(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self, const displayio_area_t* area) {
+    uint16_t buffer_size = 128; // In uint32_ts
+
+    displayio_area_t clipped;
+    // Clip the area to the display by overlapping the areas. If there is no overlap then we're done.
+    if (!displayio_display_core_clip_area(&self->core, area, &clipped)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    uint16_t subrectangles = 1;
+    uint16_t rows_per_buffer = displayio_area_height(&clipped);
+    uint8_t pixels_per_word = (sizeof(uint32_t) * 8) / self->core.colorspace.depth;
+    uint16_t pixels_per_buffer = displayio_area_size(&clipped);
+    if (displayio_area_size(&clipped) > buffer_size * pixels_per_word) {
+        rows_per_buffer = buffer_size * pixels_per_word / displayio_area_width(&clipped);
+        if (rows_per_buffer == 0) {
+            rows_per_buffer = 1;
+        }
+        subrectangles = displayio_area_height(&clipped) / rows_per_buffer;
+        if (displayio_area_height(&clipped) % rows_per_buffer != 0) {
+            subrectangles++;
+        }
+        pixels_per_buffer = rows_per_buffer * displayio_area_width(&clipped);
+        buffer_size = pixels_per_buffer / pixels_per_word;
+        if (pixels_per_buffer % pixels_per_word) {
+            buffer_size += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Allocated and shared as a uint32_t array so the compiler knows the
+    // alignment everywhere.
+    uint32_t buffer[buffer_size];
+    volatile uint32_t mask_length = (pixels_per_buffer / 32) + 1;
+    uint32_t mask[mask_length];
+
+    uint8_t passes = 1;
+    if (self->core.colorspace.tricolor) {
+        passes = 2;
+    }
+    for (uint8_t pass = 0; pass < passes; pass++) {
+        uint16_t remaining_rows = displayio_area_height(&clipped);
+
+        if (self->set_row_window_command != NO_COMMAND) {
+            displayio_display_core_set_region_to_update(&self->core, self->set_column_window_command, self->set_row_window_command, self->set_current_column_command, self->set_current_row_command, false, self->chip_select, &clipped);
+        }
+
+        uint8_t write_command = self->write_black_ram_command;
+        if (pass == 1) {
+            write_command = self->write_color_ram_command;
+        }
+        displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(&self->core);
+        self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, self->chip_select, &write_command, 1);
+        displayio_display_core_end_transaction(&self->core);
+
+        for (uint16_t j = 0; j < subrectangles; j++) {
+            displayio_area_t subrectangle = {
+                .x1 = clipped.x1,
+                .y1 = clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * j,
+                .x2 = clipped.x2,
+                .y2 = clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * (j + 1)
+            };
+            if (remaining_rows < rows_per_buffer) {
+                subrectangle.y2 = subrectangle.y1 + remaining_rows;
+            }
+            remaining_rows -= rows_per_buffer;
+
+
+            uint16_t subrectangle_size_bytes = displayio_area_size(&subrectangle) / (8 / self->core.colorspace.depth);
+
+            memset(mask, 0, mask_length * sizeof(mask[0]));
+            memset(buffer, 0, buffer_size * sizeof(buffer[0]));
+
+            self->core.colorspace.grayscale = true;
+            if (pass == 1) {
+                self->core.colorspace.grayscale = false;
+            }
+            displayio_display_core_fill_area(&self->core, &subrectangle, mask, buffer);
+
+            // Invert it all.
+            if ((pass == 1 && self->color_bits_inverted) ||
+                (pass == 0 && self->black_bits_inverted)) {
+                for (uint16_t k = 0; k < buffer_size; k++) {
+                    buffer[k] = ~buffer[k];
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(&self->core)) {
+                // Can't acquire display bus; skip the rest of the data. Try next display.
+                return false;
+            }
+            self->core.send(self->core.bus, DISPLAY_DATA, self->chip_select, (uint8_t*) buffer, subrectangle_size_bytes);
+            displayio_display_core_end_transaction(&self->core);
+
+            // TODO(tannewt): Make refresh displays faster so we don't starve other
+            // background tasks.
+            usb_background();
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_refresh(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    
+    if (self->refreshing && self->busy.base.type == &digitalio_digitalinout_type) {
+        if (common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_value(&self->busy) != self->busy_state) {
+            self->refreshing = false;
+            // Run stop sequence but don't wait for busy because busy is set when sleeping.
+            send_command_sequence(self, false, self->stop_sequence, self->stop_sequence_len);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    if (self->core.current_group == NULL) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    // Refresh at seconds per frame rate.
+    if (common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_time_to_refresh(self) > 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!displayio_display_core_bus_free(&self->core)) {
+        // Can't acquire display bus; skip updating this display. Try next display.
+        return false;
+    }
+    const displayio_area_t* current_area = displayio_epaperdisplay_get_refresh_areas(self);
+    if (current_area == NULL) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_start_refresh(self);
+    while (current_area != NULL) {
+        displayio_epaperdisplay_refresh_area(self, current_area);
+        current_area = current_area->next;
+    }
+    displayio_epaperdisplay_finish_refresh(self);
+    return true;
+}
+
+void displayio_epaperdisplay_background(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    if (self->refreshing) {
+        bool refresh_done = false;
+        if (self->busy.base.type == &digitalio_digitalinout_type) {
+            bool busy = common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_get_value(&self->busy);
+            refresh_done = busy != self->busy_state;
+        } else {
+            refresh_done = ticks_ms - self->core.last_refresh > self->refresh_time;
+        }
+        if (refresh_done) {
+            self->refreshing = false;
+            // Run stop sequence but don't wait for busy because busy is set when sleeping.
+            send_command_sequence(self, false, self->stop_sequence, self->stop_sequence_len);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void release_epaperdisplay(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    if (self->refreshing) {
+        wait_for_busy(self);
+        self->refreshing = false;
+        // Run stop sequence but don't wait for busy because busy is set when sleeping.
+        send_command_sequence(self, false, self->stop_sequence, self->stop_sequence_len);
+    }
+
+    release_display_core(&self->core);
+    if (self->busy.base.type == &digitalio_digitalinout_type) {
+        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_deinit(&self->busy);
+    }
+}
+
+void displayio_epaperdisplay_collect_ptrs(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self) {
+    displayio_display_core_collect_ptrs(&self->core);
+}
+
+bool maybe_refresh_epaperdisplay(void) {
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT; i++) {
+        if (displays[i].epaper_display.base.type != &displayio_epaperdisplay_type ||
+            displays[i].epaper_display.core.current_group != &circuitpython_splash) {
+            // Skip regular displays and those not showing the splash.
+            continue;
+        }
+        displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* display = &displays[i].epaper_display;
+        if (common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_get_time_to_refresh(display) != 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_refresh(display);
+    }
+    // Return true if no ePaper displays are available to pretend it was updated.
+    return true;
+}
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h b/shared-module/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d08bed546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the MicroPython project, http://micropython.org/
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Scott Shawcroft for Adafruit Industries
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_EPAPERDISPLAY_H
+#define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_EPAPERDISPLAY_H
+
+#include "shared-bindings/digitalio/DigitalInOut.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/Group.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/pulseio/PWMOut.h"
+
+#include "shared-module/displayio/area.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/display_core.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+    mp_obj_base_t base;
+    displayio_display_core_t core;
+    digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t busy;
+    uint32_t milliseconds_per_frame;
+    uint8_t* start_sequence;
+    uint32_t start_sequence_len;
+    uint8_t* stop_sequence;
+    uint32_t stop_sequence_len;
+    uint16_t refresh_time;
+    uint16_t set_column_window_command;
+    uint16_t set_row_window_command;
+    uint16_t set_current_column_command;
+    uint16_t set_current_row_command;
+    uint16_t write_black_ram_command;
+    uint16_t write_color_ram_command;
+    uint8_t refresh_display_command;
+    uint8_t hue;
+    bool busy_state;
+    bool black_bits_inverted;
+    bool color_bits_inverted;
+    bool refreshing;
+    display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select;
+} displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t;
+
+void displayio_epaperdisplay_background(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self);
+void release_epaperdisplay(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self);
+bool maybe_refresh_epaperdisplay(void);
+
+void displayio_epaperdisplay_collect_ptrs(displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* self);
+
+#endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_EPAPERDISPLAY_H
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/FourWire.c b/shared-module/displayio/FourWire.c
index 913635db8..fcc4c1a20 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/FourWire.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/FourWire.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "shared-bindings/digitalio/DigitalInOut.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/microcontroller/__init__.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/time/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/display_core.h"
 
 #include "tick.h"
 
@@ -55,15 +56,13 @@ void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_construct(displayio_fourwire_obj_t* self,
     common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->chip_select, chip_select);
     common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&self->chip_select, true, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
 
+    self->reset.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
     if (reset != NULL) {
+        self->reset.base.type = &digitalio_digitalinout_type;
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->reset, reset);
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&self->reset, true, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
         never_reset_pin_number(reset->number);
-
-        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, false);
-        common_hal_mcu_delay_us(10);
-        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, true);
-        common_hal_mcu_delay_us(10);
+        common_hal_displayio_fourwire_reset(self);
     }
 
     never_reset_pin_number(command->number);
@@ -80,6 +79,27 @@ void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_deinit(displayio_fourwire_obj_t* self) {
     reset_pin_number(self->reset.pin->number);
 }
 
+bool common_hal_displayio_fourwire_reset(mp_obj_t obj) {
+    displayio_fourwire_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
+    if (self->reset.base.type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, false);
+    common_hal_time_delay_ms(1);
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, true);
+    common_hal_time_delay_ms(1);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_fourwire_bus_free(mp_obj_t obj) {
+    displayio_fourwire_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
+    if (!common_hal_busio_spi_try_lock(self->bus)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    common_hal_busio_spi_unlock(self->bus);
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool common_hal_displayio_fourwire_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t obj) {
     displayio_fourwire_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
     if (!common_hal_busio_spi_try_lock(self->bus)) {
@@ -91,10 +111,10 @@ bool common_hal_displayio_fourwire_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t obj) {
     return true;
 }
 
-void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send(mp_obj_t obj, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length) {
+void common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send(mp_obj_t obj, display_byte_type_t data_type, display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length) {
     displayio_fourwire_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
-    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->command, !command);
-    if (command) {
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->command, data_type == DISPLAY_DATA);
+    if (chip_select == CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE) {
         // Toggle chip select after each command byte in case the display driver
         // IC latches commands based on it.
         for (size_t i = 0; i < data_length; i++) {
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/I2CDisplay.c b/shared-module/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
index 9d8949528..87261dca0 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/I2CDisplay.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "shared-bindings/digitalio/DigitalInOut.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/microcontroller/__init__.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/time/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/display_core.h"
 
 #include "tick.h"
 
@@ -55,14 +56,13 @@ void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_construct(displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t* self,
 
     self->address = device_address;
 
+    self->reset.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
     if (reset != NULL) {
+        self->reset.base.type = &digitalio_digitalinout_type;
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_construct(&self->reset, reset);
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&self->reset, true, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
         never_reset_pin_number(reset->number);
-
-        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, false);
-        common_hal_mcu_delay_us(1);
-        common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, true);
+        common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_reset(self);
     }
 }
 
@@ -74,7 +74,19 @@ void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_deinit(displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t* self) {
     reset_pin_number(self->reset.pin->number);
 }
 
-bool common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t obj) {
+bool common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_reset(mp_obj_t obj) {
+    displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
+    if (self->reset.base.type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, false);
+    common_hal_mcu_delay_us(4);
+    common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_set_value(&self->reset, true);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_bus_free(mp_obj_t obj) {
     displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
     if (!common_hal_busio_i2c_try_lock(self->bus)) {
         return false;
@@ -82,9 +94,13 @@ bool common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t obj) {
     return true;
 }
 
-void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_send(mp_obj_t obj, bool command, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length) {
+bool common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_begin_transaction(mp_obj_t obj) {
+    return common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_bus_free(obj);
+}
+
+void common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_send(mp_obj_t obj, display_byte_type_t data_type, display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select, uint8_t *data, uint32_t data_length) {
     displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t* self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(obj);
-    if (command) {
+    if (data_type == DISPLAY_COMMAND) {
         uint8_t command_bytes[2 * data_length];
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < data_length; i++) {
             command_bytes[2 * i] = 0x80;
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c b/shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
index 2b5642437..993fc03de 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/OnDiskBitmap.c
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ void common_hal_displayio_ondiskbitmap_construct(displayio_ondiskbitmap_t *self,
             self->g_bitmask = 0x3e0;
             self->b_bitmask = 0x1f;
         }
-    } else if ((indexed) && (self->bits_per_pixel != 1)) {
+    } else if (indexed && self->bits_per_pixel != 1) {
         uint16_t palette_size = number_of_colors * sizeof(uint32_t);
         uint16_t palette_offset = 0xe + header_size;
 
@@ -90,25 +90,24 @@ void common_hal_displayio_ondiskbitmap_construct(displayio_ondiskbitmap_t *self,
         if (palette_bytes_read != palette_size) {
             mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Unable to read color palette data"));
         }
-
-
     } else if (!(header_size == 12 || header_size == 40 || header_size == 108 || header_size == 124)) {
         mp_raise_ValueError_varg(translate("Only Windows format, uncompressed BMP supported: given header size is %d"), header_size);
     }
 
-    if ((bits_per_pixel == 4 ) || (( bits_per_pixel == 8) && (number_of_colors == 0))) {
-        mp_raise_ValueError_varg(translate("Only monochrome, indexed 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp given"), bits_per_pixel);
+    if (bits_per_pixel == 8 && number_of_colors == 0) {
+        mp_raise_ValueError_varg(translate("Only monochrome, indexed 4bpp or 8bpp, and 16bpp or greater BMPs supported: %d bpp given"), bits_per_pixel);
     }
 
-    if (self->bits_per_pixel >=8){
-        self->stride = (self->width * (bits_per_pixel / 8));
+    uint8_t bytes_per_pixel = (self->bits_per_pixel / 8)  ? (self->bits_per_pixel /8) : 1;
+    uint8_t pixels_per_byte = 8 / self->bits_per_pixel;
+    if (pixels_per_byte == 0){
+        self->stride = (self->width * bytes_per_pixel);
         // Rows are word aligned.
         if (self->stride % 4 != 0) {
             self->stride += 4 - self->stride % 4;
         }
-
     } else {
-        uint32_t bit_stride = self->width;
+        uint32_t bit_stride = self->width * self->bits_per_pixel;
         if (bit_stride % 32 != 0) {
             bit_stride += 32 - bit_stride % 32;
         }
@@ -126,10 +125,11 @@ uint32_t common_hal_displayio_ondiskbitmap_get_pixel(displayio_ondiskbitmap_t *s
 
     uint32_t location;
     uint8_t bytes_per_pixel = (self->bits_per_pixel / 8)  ? (self->bits_per_pixel /8) : 1;
-    if (self->bits_per_pixel >= 8){
+    uint8_t pixels_per_byte = 8 / self->bits_per_pixel;
+    if (pixels_per_byte == 0){
         location = self->data_offset + (self->height - y - 1) * self->stride + x * bytes_per_pixel;
     } else {
-        location = self->data_offset + (self->height - y - 1) * self->stride + x / 8;
+        location = self->data_offset + (self->height - y - 1) * self->stride + x / pixels_per_byte;
     }
     // We don't cache here because the underlying FS caches sectors.
     f_lseek(&self->file->fp, location);
@@ -141,20 +141,19 @@ uint32_t common_hal_displayio_ondiskbitmap_get_pixel(displayio_ondiskbitmap_t *s
         uint8_t red;
         uint8_t green;
         uint8_t blue;
-        if (self->bits_per_pixel == 1) {
-            uint8_t bit_offset = x%8;
-            tmp = ( pixel_data & (0x80 >> (bit_offset))) >> (7 - bit_offset);
-            if (tmp == 1) {
-                return 0x00FFFFFF;
-            } else {
-                return 0x00000000;
+        if (bytes_per_pixel == 1) {
+            uint8_t offset = (x % pixels_per_byte) * self->bits_per_pixel;
+            uint8_t mask = (1 << self->bits_per_pixel) - 1;
+
+            uint8_t index = (pixel_data >> ((8 - self->bits_per_pixel) - offset)) & mask;
+            if (self->bits_per_pixel == 1) {
+                if (index == 1) {
+                    return 0xFFFFFF;
+                } else {
+                    return 0x000000;
+                }
             }
-        } else if (bytes_per_pixel == 1) {
-            blue = ((self->palette_data[pixel_data] & 0xFF) >> 0);
-            red = ((self->palette_data[pixel_data] & 0xFF0000) >> 16);
-            green = ((self->palette_data[pixel_data] & 0xFF00) >> 8);
-            tmp = (red << 16 | green << 8 | blue );
-            return tmp;
+            return self->palette_data[index];
         } else if (bytes_per_pixel == 2) {
             if (self->g_bitmask == 0x07e0) { // 565
                 red =((pixel_data & self->r_bitmask) >>11);
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Palette.c b/shared-module/displayio/Palette.c
index 444151b3c..3bce86f48 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Palette.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Palette.c
@@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ void common_hal_displayio_palette_set_color(displayio_palette_t* self, uint32_t
     self->colors[palette_index].rgb888 = color;
     self->colors[palette_index].luma = displayio_colorconverter_compute_luma(color);
     self->colors[palette_index].rgb565 = displayio_colorconverter_compute_rgb565(color);
+
+    uint8_t chroma = displayio_colorconverter_compute_chroma(color);
+    self->colors[palette_index].chroma = chroma;
+    self->colors[palette_index].hue = displayio_colorconverter_compute_hue(color);
     self->needs_refresh = true;
 }
 
@@ -64,7 +68,19 @@ bool displayio_palette_get_color(displayio_palette_t *self, const _displayio_col
         return false; // returns opaque
     }
 
-    if (colorspace->grayscale) {
+    if (colorspace->tricolor) {
+        uint8_t luma = self->colors[palette_index].luma;
+        *color = luma >> (8 - colorspace->depth);
+        // Chroma 0 means the color is a gray and has no hue so never color based on it.
+        if (self->colors[palette_index].chroma  <= 16) {
+            if (!colorspace->grayscale) {
+                *color = 0;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        uint8_t pixel_hue = self->colors[palette_index].hue;
+        displayio_colorconverter_compute_tricolor(colorspace, pixel_hue, luma, color);
+    } else if (colorspace->grayscale) {
         *color = self->colors[palette_index].luma >> (8 - colorspace->depth);
     } else {
         *color = self->colors[palette_index].rgb565;
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/Palette.h b/shared-module/displayio/Palette.h
index a917e2432..1cfdd199a 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/Palette.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/Palette.h
@@ -34,17 +34,21 @@
 
 typedef struct {
     uint8_t depth;
+    uint8_t bytes_per_cell;
+    uint8_t tricolor_hue;
+    uint8_t tricolor_luma;
     bool grayscale;
+    bool tricolor;
     bool pixels_in_byte_share_row;
-    uint8_t bytes_per_cell;
     bool reverse_pixels_in_byte;
-    uint8_t hue;
 } _displayio_colorspace_t;
 
 typedef struct {
     uint32_t rgb888;
     uint16_t rgb565;
     uint8_t luma;
+    uint8_t hue;
+    uint8_t chroma;
     bool transparent; // This may have additional bits added later for blending.
 } _displayio_color_t;
 
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c b/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
index 6144f8f99..f34d2fc52 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.c
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ uint8_t common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_get_tile(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, uint1
 
 void common_hal_displayio_tilegrid_set_tile(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint8_t tile_index) {
     if (tile_index >= self->tiles_in_bitmap) {
-        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Tile value out of bounds"));
+        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Tile index out of bounds"));
     }
     uint8_t* tiles = self->tiles;
     if (self->inline_tiles) {
@@ -443,6 +443,7 @@ bool displayio_tilegrid_fill_area(displayio_tilegrid_t *self, const _displayio_c
                     }
                     uint8_t shift = (offset % pixels_per_byte) * colorspace->depth;
                     if (colorspace->reverse_pixels_in_byte) {
+                        // Reverse the shift by subtracting it from the leftmost shift.
                         shift = (pixels_per_byte - 1) * colorspace->depth - shift;
                     }
                     ((uint8_t*)buffer)[offset / pixels_per_byte] |= pixel << shift;
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.h b/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.h
index 222aaed19..0a414b062 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/TileGrid.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ typedef struct {
     uint16_t pixel_width;
     uint16_t pixel_height;
     uint16_t bitmap_width_in_tiles;;
-    uint8_t tiles_in_bitmap;
+    uint16_t tiles_in_bitmap;
     uint16_t width_in_tiles;
     uint16_t height_in_tiles;
     uint16_t tile_width;
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/__init__.c b/shared-module/displayio/__init__.c
index 3e9c4aa2a..af22cb0df 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/__init__.c
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/__init__.c
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
 
 #include "lib/utils/interrupt_char.h"
-#include "py/gc.h"
 #include "py/reload.h"
 #include "py/runtime.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/board/__init__.h"
@@ -16,103 +15,13 @@
 #include "supervisor/shared/autoreload.h"
 #include "supervisor/shared/display.h"
 #include "supervisor/memory.h"
-#include "supervisor/usb.h"
 
 primary_display_t displays[CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT];
-uint32_t frame_count = 0;
 
-bool refresh_area(displayio_display_obj_t* display, const displayio_area_t* area) {
-    uint16_t buffer_size = 128; // In uint32_ts
+// Check for recursive calls to displayio_background.
+bool displayio_background_in_progress = false;
 
-    displayio_area_t clipped;
-    // Clip the area to the display by overlapping the areas. If there is no overlap then we're done.
-    if (!displayio_display_clip_area(display, area, &clipped)) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    uint16_t subrectangles = 1;
-    uint16_t rows_per_buffer = displayio_area_height(&clipped);
-    uint8_t pixels_per_word = (sizeof(uint32_t) * 8) / display->colorspace.depth;
-    uint16_t pixels_per_buffer = displayio_area_size(&clipped);
-    if (displayio_area_size(&clipped) > buffer_size * pixels_per_word) {
-        rows_per_buffer = buffer_size * pixels_per_word / displayio_area_width(&clipped);
-        if (rows_per_buffer == 0) {
-            rows_per_buffer = 1;
-        }
-        // If pixels are packed by column then ensure rows_per_buffer is on a byte boundary.
-        if (display->colorspace.depth < 8 && !display->colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row) {
-            uint8_t pixels_per_byte = 8 / display->colorspace.depth;
-            if (rows_per_buffer % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
-                rows_per_buffer -= rows_per_buffer % pixels_per_byte;
-            }
-        }
-        subrectangles = displayio_area_height(&clipped) / rows_per_buffer;
-        if (displayio_area_height(&clipped) % rows_per_buffer != 0) {
-            subrectangles++;
-        }
-        pixels_per_buffer = rows_per_buffer * displayio_area_width(&clipped);
-        buffer_size = pixels_per_buffer / pixels_per_word;
-        if (pixels_per_buffer % pixels_per_word) {
-            buffer_size += 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Allocated and shared as a uint32_t array so the compiler knows the
-    // alignment everywhere.
-    uint32_t buffer[buffer_size];
-    volatile uint32_t mask_length = (pixels_per_buffer / 32) + 1;
-    uint32_t mask[mask_length];
-    uint16_t remaining_rows = displayio_area_height(&clipped);
-
-    for (uint16_t j = 0; j < subrectangles; j++) {
-        displayio_area_t subrectangle = {
-            .x1 = clipped.x1,
-            .y1 = clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * j,
-            .x2 = clipped.x2,
-            .y2 = clipped.y1 + rows_per_buffer * (j + 1)
-        };
-        if (remaining_rows < rows_per_buffer) {
-            subrectangle.y2 = subrectangle.y1 + remaining_rows;
-        }
-        remaining_rows -= rows_per_buffer;
-
-        displayio_display_begin_transaction(display);
-        displayio_display_set_region_to_update(display, &subrectangle);
-        displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
-
-        uint16_t subrectangle_size_bytes;
-        if (display->colorspace.depth >= 8) {
-            subrectangle_size_bytes = displayio_area_size(&subrectangle) * (display->colorspace.depth / 8);
-        } else {
-            subrectangle_size_bytes = displayio_area_size(&subrectangle) / (8 / display->colorspace.depth);
-        }
-
-        for (uint16_t k = 0; k < mask_length; k++) {
-            mask[k] = 0x00000000;
-        }
-        for (uint16_t k = 0; k < buffer_size; k++) {
-            buffer[k] = 0x00000000;
-        }
-
-        displayio_display_fill_area(display, &subrectangle, mask, buffer);
-
-        if (!displayio_display_begin_transaction(display)) {
-            // Can't acquire display bus; skip the rest of the data. Try next display.
-            return false;
-        }
-        displayio_display_send_pixels(display, (uint8_t*) buffer, subrectangle_size_bytes);
-        displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
-
-        // TODO(tannewt): Make refresh displays faster so we don't starve other
-        // background tasks.
-        usb_background();
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Check for recursive calls to displayio_refresh_displays.
-bool refresh_displays_in_progress = false;
-
-void displayio_refresh_displays(void) {
+void displayio_background(void) {
     if (mp_hal_is_interrupted()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -121,46 +30,43 @@ void displayio_refresh_displays(void) {
         return;
     }
 
-    if (refresh_displays_in_progress) {
+    if (displayio_background_in_progress) {
         // Don't allow recursive calls to this routine.
         return;
     }
 
-    refresh_displays_in_progress = true;
+    displayio_background_in_progress = true;
 
     for (uint8_t i = 0; i < CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT; i++) {
         if (displays[i].display.base.type == NULL || displays[i].display.base.type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
             // Skip null display.
             continue;
         }
-        displayio_display_obj_t* display = &displays[i].display;
-        displayio_display_update_backlight(display);
-
-        // Time to refresh at specified frame rate?
-        if (!displayio_display_frame_queued(display)) {
-            // Too soon. Try next display.
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (!displayio_display_begin_transaction(display)) {
-            // Can't acquire display bus; skip updating this display. Try next display.
-            continue;
+        if (displays[i].display.base.type == &displayio_display_type) {
+            displayio_display_background(&displays[i].display);
+        } else if (displays[i].epaper_display.base.type == &displayio_epaperdisplay_type) {
+            displayio_epaperdisplay_background(&displays[i].epaper_display);
         }
-        displayio_display_end_transaction(display);
-        displayio_display_start_refresh(display);
-        const displayio_area_t* current_area = displayio_display_get_refresh_areas(display);
-        while (current_area != NULL) {
-            refresh_area(display, current_area);
-            current_area = current_area->next;
-        }
-        displayio_display_finish_refresh(display);
-        frame_count++;
     }
 
     // All done.
-    refresh_displays_in_progress = false;
+    displayio_background_in_progress = false;
 }
 
 void common_hal_displayio_release_displays(void) {
+    // Release displays before busses so that they can send any final commands to turn the display
+    // off properly.
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT; i++) {
+        mp_const_obj_t display_type = displays[i].display.base.type;
+        if (display_type == NULL || display_type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
+            continue;
+        } else if (display_type == &displayio_display_type) {
+            release_display(&displays[i].display);
+        } else if (display_type == &displayio_epaperdisplay_type) {
+            release_epaperdisplay(&displays[i].epaper_display);
+        }
+        displays[i].display.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
+    }
     for (uint8_t i = 0; i < CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT; i++) {
         mp_const_obj_t bus_type = displays[i].fourwire_bus.base.type;
         if (bus_type == NULL || bus_type == &mp_type_NoneType) {
@@ -174,10 +80,6 @@ void common_hal_displayio_release_displays(void) {
         }
         displays[i].fourwire_bus.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
     }
-    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT; i++) {
-        release_display(&displays[i].display);
-        displays[i].display.base.type = &mp_type_NoneType;
-    }
 
     supervisor_stop_terminal();
 }
@@ -214,7 +116,7 @@ void reset_displays(void) {
                 ((uint32_t) i2c->bus) > ((uint32_t) &displays + CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT)) {
                 busio_i2c_obj_t* original_i2c = i2c->bus;
                 #if BOARD_I2C
-                    // We don't need to move original_i2c if it is the board.SPI object because it is
+                    // We don't need to move original_i2c if it is the board.I2C object because it is
                     // statically allocated already. (Doing so would also make it impossible to reference in
                     // a subsequent VM run.)
                     if (original_i2c == common_hal_board_get_i2c()) {
@@ -232,7 +134,7 @@ void reset_displays(void) {
                 }
             }
         } else {
-            // Not an active display.
+            // Not an active display bus.
             continue;
         }
     }
@@ -240,9 +142,12 @@ void reset_displays(void) {
     for (uint8_t i = 0; i < CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT; i++) {
         // Reset the displayed group. Only the first will get the terminal but
         // that's ok.
-        displayio_display_obj_t* display = &displays[i].display;
-        display->auto_brightness = true;
-        common_hal_displayio_display_show(display, NULL);
+        if (displays[i].display.base.type == &displayio_display_type) {
+            reset_display(&displays[i].display);
+        } else if (displays[i].epaper_display.base.type == &displayio_epaperdisplay_type) {
+            displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t* display = &displays[i].epaper_display;
+            common_hal_displayio_epaperdisplay_show(display, NULL);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -254,8 +159,11 @@ void displayio_gc_collect(void) {
 
         // Alternatively, we could use gc_collect_root over the whole object,
         // but this is more precise, and is the only field that needs marking.
-        gc_collect_ptr(displays[i].display.current_group);
-
+        if (displays[i].display.base.type == &displayio_display_type) {
+            displayio_display_collect_ptrs(&displays[i].display);
+        } else if (displays[i].epaper_display.base.type == &displayio_epaperdisplay_type) {
+            displayio_epaperdisplay_collect_ptrs(&displays[i].epaper_display);
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/__init__.h b/shared-module/displayio/__init__.h
index caa5ce36d..e78bc61ce 100644
--- a/shared-module/displayio/__init__.h
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/__init__.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO___INIT___H
 
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/EPaperDisplay.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/Group.h"
 #include "shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.h"
@@ -39,14 +40,17 @@ typedef struct {
         displayio_i2cdisplay_obj_t i2cdisplay_bus;
         displayio_parallelbus_obj_t parallel_bus;
     };
-    displayio_display_obj_t display;
+    union {
+        displayio_display_obj_t display;
+        displayio_epaperdisplay_obj_t epaper_display;
+    };
 } primary_display_t;
 
 extern primary_display_t displays[CIRCUITPY_DISPLAY_LIMIT];
 
 extern displayio_group_t circuitpython_splash;
 
-void displayio_refresh_displays(void);
+void displayio_background(void);
 void reset_displays(void);
 void displayio_gc_collect(void);
 
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/display_core.c b/shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f449ea34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/display_core.c
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the MicroPython project, http://micropython.org/
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 Scott Shawcroft for Adafruit Industries
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/Display.h"
+
+#include "py/gc.h"
+#include "py/runtime.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/FourWire.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/I2CDisplay.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/ParallelBus.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/microcontroller/Pin.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/time/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-module/displayio/__init__.h"
+#include "supervisor/shared/display.h"
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "tick.h"
+
+void displayio_display_core_construct(displayio_display_core_t* self,
+        mp_obj_t bus, uint16_t width, uint16_t height, uint16_t ram_width, uint16_t ram_height, int16_t colstart, int16_t rowstart, uint16_t rotation,
+        uint16_t color_depth, bool grayscale, bool pixels_in_byte_share_row, uint8_t bytes_per_cell, bool reverse_pixels_in_byte) {
+    self->colorspace.depth = color_depth;
+    self->colorspace.grayscale = grayscale;
+    self->colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row = pixels_in_byte_share_row;
+    self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell = bytes_per_cell;
+    self->colorspace.reverse_pixels_in_byte = reverse_pixels_in_byte;
+    self->current_group = NULL;
+    self->colstart = colstart;
+    self->rowstart = rowstart;
+    self->last_refresh = 0;
+
+    if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(bus, &displayio_parallelbus_type)) {
+        self->bus_reset = common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_reset;
+        self->bus_free = common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_bus_free;
+        self->begin_transaction = common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_begin_transaction;
+        self->send = common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_send;
+        self->end_transaction = common_hal_displayio_parallelbus_end_transaction;
+    } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(bus, &displayio_fourwire_type)) {
+        self->bus_reset = common_hal_displayio_fourwire_reset;
+        self->bus_free = common_hal_displayio_fourwire_bus_free;
+        self->begin_transaction = common_hal_displayio_fourwire_begin_transaction;
+        self->send = common_hal_displayio_fourwire_send;
+        self->end_transaction = common_hal_displayio_fourwire_end_transaction;
+    } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(bus, &displayio_i2cdisplay_type)) {
+        self->bus_reset = common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_reset;
+        self->bus_free = common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_bus_free;
+        self->begin_transaction = common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_begin_transaction;
+        self->send = common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_send;
+        self->end_transaction = common_hal_displayio_i2cdisplay_end_transaction;
+    } else {
+        mp_raise_ValueError(translate("Unsupported display bus type"));
+    }
+    self->bus = bus;
+
+
+    supervisor_start_terminal(width, height);
+
+    self->width = width;
+    self->height = height;
+    self->ram_width = ram_width;
+    self->ram_height = ram_height;
+    rotation = rotation % 360;
+    self->transform.x = 0;
+    self->transform.y = 0;
+    self->transform.scale = 1;
+    self->transform.mirror_x = false;
+    self->transform.mirror_y = false;
+    self->transform.transpose_xy = false;
+    if (rotation == 0 || rotation == 180) {
+        if (rotation == 180) {
+            self->transform.mirror_x = true;
+            self->transform.mirror_y = true;
+        }
+    } else {
+        self->transform.transpose_xy = true;
+        if (rotation == 270) {
+            self->transform.mirror_y = true;
+        } else {
+            self->transform.mirror_x = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    self->area.x1 = 0;
+    self->area.y1 = 0;
+    self->area.next = NULL;
+
+    self->transform.dx = 1;
+    self->transform.dy = 1;
+    if (self->transform.transpose_xy) {
+        self->area.x2 = height;
+        self->area.y2 = width;
+        if (self->transform.mirror_x) {
+            self->transform.x = height;
+            self->transform.dx = -1;
+        }
+        if (self->transform.mirror_y) {
+            self->transform.y = width;
+            self->transform.dy = -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        self->area.x2 = width;
+        self->area.y2 = height;
+        if (self->transform.mirror_x) {
+            self->transform.x = width;
+            self->transform.dx = -1;
+        }
+        if (self->transform.mirror_y) {
+            self->transform.y = height;
+            self->transform.dy = -1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool displayio_display_core_show(displayio_display_core_t* self, displayio_group_t* root_group) {
+    if (root_group == NULL) {
+        if (!circuitpython_splash.in_group) {
+            root_group = &circuitpython_splash;
+        } else if (self->current_group == &circuitpython_splash) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    if (root_group == self->current_group) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (root_group != NULL && root_group->in_group) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (self->current_group != NULL) {
+        self->current_group->in_group = false;
+    }
+
+    if (root_group != NULL) {
+        displayio_group_update_transform(root_group, &self->transform);
+        root_group->in_group = true;
+    }
+    self->current_group = root_group;
+    self->full_refresh = true;
+    return true;
+}
+
+uint16_t displayio_display_core_get_width(displayio_display_core_t* self){
+    return self->width;
+}
+
+uint16_t displayio_display_core_get_height(displayio_display_core_t* self){
+    return self->height;
+}
+
+bool displayio_display_core_bus_free(displayio_display_core_t *self) {
+    return self->bus_free(self->bus);
+}
+
+bool displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(displayio_display_core_t* self) {
+    return self->begin_transaction(self->bus);
+}
+
+void displayio_display_core_end_transaction(displayio_display_core_t* self) {
+    self->end_transaction(self->bus);
+}
+
+void displayio_display_core_set_region_to_update(displayio_display_core_t* self, uint8_t column_command, uint8_t row_command, uint16_t set_current_column_command, uint16_t set_current_row_command, bool data_as_commands, bool always_toggle_chip_select, displayio_area_t* area) {
+    uint16_t x1 = area->x1;
+    uint16_t x2 = area->x2;
+    uint16_t y1 = area->y1;
+    uint16_t y2 = area->y2;
+    // Collapse down the dimension where multiple pixels are in a byte.
+    if (self->colorspace.depth < 8) {
+        uint8_t pixels_per_byte = 8 / self->colorspace.depth;
+        if (self->colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row) {
+            x1 /= pixels_per_byte * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
+            x2 /= pixels_per_byte * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
+        } else {
+            y1 /= pixels_per_byte * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
+            y2 /= pixels_per_byte * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
+        }
+    }
+
+    display_chip_select_behavior_t chip_select = CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED;
+    if (always_toggle_chip_select || data_as_commands) {
+        chip_select = CHIP_SELECT_TOGGLE_EVERY_BYTE;
+    }
+
+    // Set column.
+    displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(self);
+    uint8_t data[5];
+    data[0] = column_command;
+    uint8_t data_length = 1;
+    display_byte_type_t data_type = DISPLAY_DATA;
+    if (!data_as_commands) {
+        self->send(self->bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, data, 1);
+        data_length = 0;
+    } else {
+        data_type = DISPLAY_COMMAND;
+    }
+    if (self->ram_width < 0x100) {
+        data[data_length++] = x1 + self->colstart;
+        data[data_length++] = x2 - 1 + self->colstart;
+    } else {
+        x1 += self->colstart;
+        x2 += self->colstart - 1;
+        data[data_length++] = x1 >> 8;
+        data[data_length++] = x1 & 0xff;
+        data[data_length++] = x2 >> 8;
+        data[data_length++] = x2 & 0xff;
+    }
+    self->send(self->bus, data_type, chip_select, data, data_length);
+    displayio_display_core_end_transaction(self);
+    if (set_current_column_command != NO_COMMAND) {
+        uint8_t command = set_current_column_command;
+        displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(self);
+        self->send(self->bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, chip_select, &command, 1);
+        self->send(self->bus, DISPLAY_DATA, chip_select, data, data_length / 2);
+        displayio_display_core_end_transaction(self);
+    }
+
+
+    // Set row.
+    displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(self);
+    data[0] = row_command;
+    data_length = 1;
+    if (!data_as_commands) {
+        self->send(self->bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, CHIP_SELECT_UNTOUCHED, data, 1);
+        data_length = 0;
+    }
+    if (self->ram_height < 0x100) {
+        data[data_length++] = y1 + self->rowstart;
+        data[data_length++] = y2 - 1 + self->rowstart;
+    } else {
+        y1 += self->rowstart;
+        y2 += self->rowstart - 1;
+        data[data_length++] = y1 >> 8;
+        data[data_length++] = y1 & 0xff;
+        data[data_length++] = y2 >> 8;
+        data[data_length++] = y2 & 0xff;
+    }
+    self->send(self->bus, data_type, chip_select, data, data_length);
+    displayio_display_core_end_transaction(self);
+
+    if (set_current_row_command != NO_COMMAND) {
+        uint8_t command = set_current_row_command;
+        displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(self);
+        self->send(self->bus, DISPLAY_COMMAND, chip_select, &command, 1);
+        self->send(self->bus, DISPLAY_DATA, chip_select, data, data_length / 2);
+        displayio_display_core_end_transaction(self);
+    }
+}
+
+void displayio_display_core_start_refresh(displayio_display_core_t* self) {
+    self->last_refresh = ticks_ms;
+}
+
+void displayio_display_core_finish_refresh(displayio_display_core_t* self) {
+    if (self->current_group != NULL) {
+        displayio_group_finish_refresh(self->current_group);
+    }
+    self->full_refresh = false;
+    self->last_refresh = ticks_ms;
+}
+
+void release_display_core(displayio_display_core_t* self) {
+    if (self->current_group != NULL) {
+        self->current_group->in_group = false;
+    }
+}
+
+void displayio_display_core_collect_ptrs(displayio_display_core_t* self) {
+    gc_collect_ptr(self->current_group);
+}
+
+bool displayio_display_core_fill_area(displayio_display_core_t *self, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer) {
+    return displayio_group_fill_area(self->current_group, &self->colorspace, area, mask, buffer);
+}
+
+bool displayio_display_core_clip_area(displayio_display_core_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, displayio_area_t* clipped) {
+    bool overlaps = displayio_area_compute_overlap(&self->area, area, clipped);
+    if (!overlaps) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Expand the area if we have multiple pixels per byte and we need to byte
+    // align the bounds.
+    if (self->colorspace.depth < 8) {
+        uint8_t pixels_per_byte = 8 / self->colorspace.depth * self->colorspace.bytes_per_cell;
+        if (self->colorspace.pixels_in_byte_share_row) {
+            if (clipped->x1 % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
+                clipped->x1 -= clipped->x1 % pixels_per_byte;
+            }
+            if (clipped->x2 % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
+                clipped->x2 += pixels_per_byte - clipped->x2 % pixels_per_byte;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (clipped->y1 % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
+                clipped->y1 -= clipped->y1 % pixels_per_byte;
+            }
+            if (clipped->y2 % pixels_per_byte != 0) {
+                clipped->y2 += pixels_per_byte - clipped->y2 % pixels_per_byte;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
diff --git a/shared-module/displayio/display_core.h b/shared-module/displayio/display_core.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e92fdbc9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shared-module/displayio/display_core.h
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of the MicroPython project, http://micropython.org/
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Scott Shawcroft for Adafruit Industries
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_DISPLAY_CORE_H
+#define MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_DISPLAY_CORE_H
+
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/__init__.h"
+#include "shared-bindings/displayio/Group.h"
+
+#include "shared-module/displayio/area.h"
+
+#define NO_COMMAND 0x100
+
+typedef struct {
+    mp_obj_t bus;
+    displayio_group_t *current_group;
+    uint64_t last_refresh;
+    display_bus_bus_reset bus_reset;
+    display_bus_bus_free bus_free;
+    display_bus_begin_transaction begin_transaction;
+    display_bus_send send;
+    display_bus_end_transaction end_transaction;
+    displayio_buffer_transform_t transform;
+    displayio_area_t area;
+    uint16_t width;
+    uint16_t height;
+    uint16_t rotation;
+    uint16_t ram_width;
+    uint16_t ram_height;
+    _displayio_colorspace_t colorspace;
+    int16_t colstart;
+    int16_t rowstart;
+    bool full_refresh; // New group means we need to refresh the whole display.
+} displayio_display_core_t;
+
+void displayio_display_core_construct(displayio_display_core_t* self,
+        mp_obj_t bus, uint16_t width, uint16_t height, uint16_t ram_width, uint16_t ram_height, int16_t colstart, int16_t rowstart, uint16_t rotation,
+        uint16_t color_depth, bool grayscale, bool pixels_in_byte_share_row, uint8_t bytes_per_cell, bool reverse_pixels_in_byte);
+
+bool displayio_display_core_show(displayio_display_core_t* self, displayio_group_t* root_group);
+
+uint16_t displayio_display_core_get_width(displayio_display_core_t* self);
+uint16_t displayio_display_core_get_height(displayio_display_core_t* self);
+
+bool displayio_display_core_bus_free(displayio_display_core_t *self);
+bool displayio_display_core_begin_transaction(displayio_display_core_t* self);
+void displayio_display_core_end_transaction(displayio_display_core_t* self);
+
+void displayio_display_core_set_region_to_update(displayio_display_core_t* self, uint8_t column_command, uint8_t row_command, uint16_t set_current_column_command, uint16_t set_current_row_command, bool data_as_commands, bool always_toggle_chip_select, displayio_area_t* area);
+
+void release_display_core(displayio_display_core_t* self);
+
+void displayio_display_core_start_refresh(displayio_display_core_t* self);
+void displayio_display_core_finish_refresh(displayio_display_core_t* self);
+
+void displayio_display_core_collect_ptrs(displayio_display_core_t* self);
+
+bool displayio_display_core_fill_area(displayio_display_core_t *self, displayio_area_t* area, uint32_t* mask, uint32_t *buffer);
+
+bool displayio_display_core_clip_area(displayio_display_core_t *self, const displayio_area_t* area, displayio_area_t* clipped);
+
+#endif // MICROPY_INCLUDED_SHARED_MODULE_DISPLAYIO_DISPLAY_CORE_H
diff --git a/supervisor/shared/display.c b/supervisor/shared/display.c
index fd51e2c07..586b6f8be 100644
--- a/supervisor/shared/display.c
+++ b/supervisor/shared/display.c
@@ -151,37 +151,49 @@ _displayio_color_t blinka_colors[7] = {
         .rgb888 = 0x000000,
         .rgb565 = 0x0000,
         .luma = 0x00,
+        .chroma = 0,
         .transparent = true
     },
     {
         .rgb888 = 0x8428bc,
         .rgb565 = 0x7889,
-        .luma = 0xff // We cheat the luma here. It is actually 0x60
+        .luma = 0xff, // We cheat the luma here. It is actually 0x60
+        .hue = 184,
+        .chroma = 148
     },
     {
         .rgb888 = 0xff89bc,
         .rgb565 = 0xB8FC,
-        .luma = 0xb5
+        .luma = 0xb5,
+        .hue = 222,
+        .chroma = 118
     },
     {
         .rgb888 = 0x7beffe,
         .rgb565 = 0x9F86,
-        .luma = 0xe0
+        .luma = 0xe0,
+        .hue = 124,
+        .chroma = 131
     },
     {
         .rgb888 = 0x51395f,
         .rgb565 = 0x0D5A,
-        .luma = 0x47
+        .luma = 0x47,
+        .hue = 185,
+        .chroma = 38
     },
     {
         .rgb888 = 0xffffff,
         .rgb565 = 0xffff,
-        .luma = 0xff
+        .luma = 0xff,
+        .chroma = 0
     },
     {
         .rgb888 = 0x0736a0,
         .rgb565 = 0xf501,
-        .luma = 0x44
+        .luma = 0x44,
+        .hue = 147,
+        .chroma = 153
     },
 };
 
diff --git a/supervisor/shared/rgb_led_status.c b/supervisor/shared/rgb_led_status.c
index 0e69cd2e0..9f233defa 100644
--- a/supervisor/shared/rgb_led_status.c
+++ b/supervisor/shared/rgb_led_status.c
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ static digitalio_digitalinout_obj_t status_neopixel;
 #if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK)
 uint8_t rgb_status_brightness = 255;
 static uint8_t status_apa102_color[12] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0xff, 0, 0, 0};
-#ifdef CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
+#if CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
 #include "shared-bindings/bitbangio/SPI.h"
 #include "shared-module/bitbangio/types.h"
 static bitbangio_spi_obj_t status_apa102;
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ void rgb_led_status_init() {
         common_hal_digitalio_digitalinout_switch_to_output(&status_neopixel, false, DRIVE_MODE_PUSH_PULL);
     #endif
     #if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK)
-        #ifdef CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
+        #if CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
         shared_module_bitbangio_spi_construct(&status_apa102,
                                               MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK,
                                               MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI,
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ void rgb_led_status_init() {
         // mark them as used.
         apa102_mosi_in_use = false;
         apa102_sck_in_use = false;
-        #ifdef CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
+        #if CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
         shared_module_bitbangio_spi_try_lock(&status_apa102);
         shared_module_bitbangio_spi_configure(&status_apa102, 100000, 0, 1, 8);
         #else
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ void new_status_color(uint32_t rgb) {
         status_apa102_color[6] = (rgb_adjusted >> 8) & 0xff;
         status_apa102_color[7] = (rgb_adjusted >> 16) & 0xff;
 
-        #ifdef CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
+        #if CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
         shared_module_bitbangio_spi_write(&status_apa102, status_apa102_color, 8);
         #else
         common_hal_busio_spi_write(&status_apa102, status_apa102_color, 8);
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ void temp_status_color(uint32_t rgb) {
             return;
         }
         uint8_t colors[12] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0xff, rgb_adjusted & 0xff, (rgb_adjusted >> 8) & 0xff, (rgb_adjusted >> 16) & 0xff, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0};
-        #ifdef CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
+        #if CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
         shared_module_bitbangio_spi_write(&status_apa102, colors, 12);
         #else
         common_hal_busio_spi_write(&status_apa102, colors, 12);
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ void clear_temp_status() {
         common_hal_neopixel_write(&status_neopixel, status_neopixel_color, 3);
     #endif
     #if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK)
-        #ifdef CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
+        #if CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
         shared_module_bitbangio_spi_write(&status_apa102, status_apa102_color, 8);
         #else
         common_hal_busio_spi_write(&status_apa102, status_apa102_color, 8);
diff --git a/supervisor/shared/rgb_led_status.h b/supervisor/shared/rgb_led_status.h
index 83f4822d7..e4e1981a2 100644
--- a/supervisor/shared/rgb_led_status.h
+++ b/supervisor/shared/rgb_led_status.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 // To work with a NeoPixel, one must have MICROPY_HW_NEOPIXEL defined and
 // neopixel_write implemented.
 
-#if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK) && !defined(CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102)
+#if defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_MOSI) && defined(MICROPY_HW_APA102_SCK) && !CIRCUITPY_BITBANG_APA102
 #include "common-hal/busio/SPI.h"
 extern busio_spi_obj_t status_apa102;
 #endif
diff --git a/tools/build_board_info.py b/tools/build_board_info.py
index 8731a6feb..f2b336494 100644
--- a/tools/build_board_info.py
+++ b/tools/build_board_info.py
@@ -88,10 +88,8 @@ def get_version_info():
         # No exact match
         pass
 
-    if "TRAVIS" in os.environ and os.environ["TRAVIS"] == "true":
-        sha = os.environ["TRAVIS_COMMIT"]
-        if os.environ["TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST"] != "false":
-            sha = os.environ["TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST_SHA"]
+    if "GITHUB_SHA" in os.environ:
+        sha = os.environ["GITHUB_SHA"]
 
     if not version:
         version="{}-{}".format(date.today().strftime("%Y%m%d"), sha[:7])
@@ -132,7 +130,7 @@ def create_pr(changes, updated, git_info):
         updated_list.append(info)
 
     updated = json.dumps(updated_list, sort_keys=True, indent=4).encode("utf-8") + b"\n"
-    print(updated.decode("utf-8"))
+    #print(updated.decode("utf-8"))
     pr_title = "Automated website update for release {}".format(changes["new_release"])
     boards = ""
     if changes["new_boards"]:
@@ -208,7 +206,7 @@ def generate_download_info():
     boards = {}
     errors = []
 
-    new_tag = os.environ["TRAVIS_TAG"]
+    new_tag = os.environ["RELEASE_TAG"]
 
     changes = {
         "new_release": new_tag,
@@ -240,7 +238,6 @@ def generate_download_info():
 
     board_mapping = get_board_mapping()
 
-    print(previous_releases)
     for release in previous_releases:
         update_downloads(board_mapping, release)
 
@@ -280,7 +277,7 @@ def generate_download_info():
         print("No new release to update")
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    if "TRAVIS_TAG" in os.environ and os.environ["TRAVIS_TAG"]:
+    if "RELEASE_TAG" in os.environ and os.environ["RELEASE_TAG"]:
         generate_download_info()
     else:
         print("skipping website update because this isn't a tag")
diff --git a/tools/build_release_files.py b/tools/build_release_files.py
index e29b098c7..09133e51f 100755
--- a/tools/build_release_files.py
+++ b/tools/build_release_files.py
@@ -10,21 +10,14 @@ import time
 for port in build_info.SUPPORTED_PORTS:
     result = subprocess.run("rm -rf ../ports/{port}/build*".format(port=port), shell=True)
 
-ROSIE_SETUPS = ["rosie-ci"]
-rosie_ok = {}
-for rosie in ROSIE_SETUPS:
-    rosie_ok[rosie] = True
-
 PARALLEL = "-j 5"
-travis = False
-if "TRAVIS" in os.environ and os.environ["TRAVIS"] == "true":
+if "GITHUB_ACTION" in os.environ:
     PARALLEL="-j 2"
-    travis = True
 
 all_boards = build_info.get_board_mapping()
 build_boards = list(all_boards.keys())
-if "TRAVIS_BOARDS" in os.environ:
-    build_boards = os.environ["TRAVIS_BOARDS"].split()
+if "BOARDS" in os.environ:
+    build_boards = os.environ["BOARDS"].split()
 
 sha, version = build_info.get_version_info()
 
@@ -83,25 +76,14 @@ for board in build_boards:
                     if exit_status == 0:
                         exit_status = 1
 
-        if travis:
-            print('travis_fold:start:adafruit-bins-{}-{}\\r'.format(language, board))
         print("Build {board} for {language}{clean_build} took {build_duration:.2f}s and {success}".format(
             board=board, language=language, clean_build=(" (clean_build)" if clean_build else ""),
             build_duration=build_duration, success=success))
-        if make_result.returncode != 0:
-            print(make_result.stdout.decode("utf-8"))
-            print(other_output)
-        # Only upload to Rosie if its a pull request.
-        if travis:
-            for rosie in ROSIE_SETUPS:
-                if not rosie_ok[rosie]:
-                    break
-                print("Uploading to https://{rosie}.ngrok.io/upload/{sha}".format(rosie=rosie, sha=sha))
-                #curl -F "file=@$final_filename" https://$rosie.ngrok.io/upload/$sha
-        if travis:
-            print('travis_fold:end:adafruit-bins-{}-{}\\r'.format(language, board))
-
-        # Flush so travis will see something before 10 minutes has passed.
+
+        print(make_result.stdout.decode("utf-8"))
+        print(other_output)
+
+        # Flush so we will see something before 10 minutes has passed.
         print(flush=True)
 
 sys.exit(exit_status)
diff --git a/tools/ci_new_boards_check.py b/tools/ci_new_boards_check.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ad8af842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/ci_new_boards_check.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+
+import sys
+import os
+import json
+import yaml
+
+import build_board_info
+
+workflow_file = '.github/workflows/build.yml'
+
+# Get boards in json format
+boards_info_json = build_board_info.get_board_mapping()
+
+# Get all the boards out of the json format
+info_boards = [board for board in boards_info_json.keys() if not boards_info_json[board].get("alias", False)]
+
+# We need to know the path of the workflow file
+base_path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+yml_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(base_path, '..', workflow_file))
+
+# Loading board list based on build jobs in the workflow file.
+ci_boards = []
+with open(yml_path, "r") as f:
+    workflow = yaml.safe_load(f)
+
+ok = True
+for job in workflow["jobs"]:
+    if not job.startswith("build"):
+        continue
+    job_boards = workflow["jobs"][job]["strategy"]["matrix"]["board"]
+    if job_boards != sorted(job_boards):
+        print("Boards for job \"{}\" not sorted. Must be:".format(job))
+        print("        - \"" + "\"\n        - \"".join(sorted(job_boards)) + "\"")
+        ok = False
+    ci_boards.extend(job_boards)
+
+# All the travis_boards elements must be on info_boards
+info_boards.sort()
+ci_boards.sort()
+
+missing_boards = set(info_boards) - set(ci_boards)
+
+if missing_boards:
+    print('Boards missing in {}:'.format(workflow_file))
+    for board in missing_boards:
+        print(board)
+
+if not ok:
+    sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/tools/gen_display_resources.py b/tools/gen_display_resources.py
index 0f6b9014b..65600a195 100644
--- a/tools/gen_display_resources.py
+++ b/tools/gen_display_resources.py
@@ -102,12 +102,14 @@ _displayio_color_t terminal_colors[2] = {
     {
         .rgb888 = 0x000000,
         .rgb565 = 0x0000,
-        .luma = 0x00
+        .luma = 0x00,
+        .chroma = 0
     },
     {
         .rgb888 = 0xffffff,
         .rgb565 = 0xffff,
-        .luma = 0xff
+        .luma = 0xff,
+        .chroma = 0
     },
 };
 
diff --git a/tools/travis_new_boards_check.py b/tools/travis_new_boards_check.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ae05aec4..000000000
--- a/tools/travis_new_boards_check.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python3
-
-import sys
-import os
-import json
-
-import build_board_info
-
-# Get boards in json format
-boards_info_json = build_board_info.get_board_mapping()
-
-# Get all the boards out of the json format
-info_boards = [board for board in boards_info_json.keys() if not boards_info_json[board].get("alias", False)]
-
-# We need to know the path of the .travis.yml file
-base_path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-travis_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(base_path, '..', '.travis.yml'))
-
-# Loading board list based on TRAVIS_BOARDS env variable on .travis.yml
-travis_boards = []
-with open(travis_path, 'r') as travis:
-
-    # Get all lines that contain the substring 'TRAVIS_BOARDS'
-    for line in travis:
-
-        # Get the lines with TRAVIS_BOARDS= in it
-        if line.find('TRAVIS_BOARDS=') is not -1:
-            # Store all the boards names into travis_boards
-            begin_of_names = line.find('TRAVIS_BOARDS=') + len('TRAVIS_BOARDS=') + 1
-            end_of_names = line.rfind('"')
-            boards = line[begin_of_names:end_of_names]
-            boards = boards.split(' ')
-            travis_boards.extend(boards)
-
-        # We've reached the end of the env: section
-        elif 'addons' in line:
-            break
-        else:
-            pass
-
-# All the travis_boards elements must be on info_boards
-info_boards.sort()
-travis_boards.sort()
-
-missing_boards = set(info_boards) - set(travis_boards)
-
-if missing_boards:
-    print('Boards missing in TRAVIS_BOARDS:')
-    for board in missing_boards:
-        print(board)
-    sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/tools/upload_release_files.py b/tools/upload_release_files.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6c842dc68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/upload_release_files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+
+import os
+import os.path
+import sys
+import uritemplate
+
+sys.path.append("adabot")
+import adabot.github_requests as github
+
+exit_status = 0
+
+for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk("../bin"):
+    if not filenames:
+        continue
+    for filename in filenames:
+        full_filename = os.path.join(dirpath, filename)
+        label = filename.replace("adafruit-circuitpython-", "")
+        url_vars = {}
+        url_vars["name"] = filename
+        url_vars["label"] = label
+        url = uritemplate.expand(os.environ["UPLOAD_URL"], url_vars)
+        headers = {"content-type": "application/octet-stream"}
+        print(url)
+        with open(full_filename, "rb") as f:
+            response = github.post(url, data=f, headers=headers)
+        if not response.ok:
+            print("Upload of {} failed with {}.".format(filename, response.status_code))
+            print(response.text)
+            sys.exit(response.status_code)
+
+sys.exit(exit_status)