Rename samples subdirectories

14 files changed, 3346 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/samples/Ruby/filenames/Capfile b/samples/Ruby/filenames/Capfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96291a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/filenames/Capfile
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+load 'deploy'
+Dir['vendor/plugins/*/recipes/*.rb'].each { |plugin| load(plugin) }
+load 'config/deploy'
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/filenames/Rakefile b/samples/Ruby/filenames/Rakefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d51ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/filenames/Rakefile
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+task :default do
+  puts "Rake"
+end
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/foo.rb b/samples/Ruby/foo.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85026ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/foo.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Foo
+end
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/formula.rb b/samples/Ruby/formula.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..541ee65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/formula.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+require 'download_strategy'
+require 'dependencies'
+require 'formula_support'
+require 'hardware'
+require 'bottles'
+require 'extend/fileutils'
+require 'patches'
+require 'compilers'
+
+# Derive and define at least @url, see Library/Formula for examples
+class Formula
+  include FileUtils
+
+  attr_reader :name, :path, :url, :version, :homepage, :specs, :downloader
+  attr_reader :standard, :unstable, :head
+  attr_reader :bottle_version, :bottle_url, :bottle_sha1
+
+  # The build folder, usually in /tmp.
+  # Will only be non-nil during the stage method.
+  attr_reader :buildpath
+
+  # Homebrew determines the name
+  def initialize name='__UNKNOWN__', path=nil
+    set_instance_variable 'homepage'
+    set_instance_variable 'url'
+    set_instance_variable 'bottle_version'
+    set_instance_variable 'bottle_url'
+    set_instance_variable 'bottle_sha1'
+    set_instance_variable 'head'
+    set_instance_variable 'specs'
+    set_instance_variable 'standard'
+    set_instance_variable 'unstable'
+
+    if @head and (not @url or ARGV.build_head?)
+      @url = @head
+      @version = 'HEAD'
+      @spec_to_use = @unstable
+    else
+      if @standard.nil?
+        @spec_to_use = SoftwareSpecification.new(@url, @specs)
+      else
+        @spec_to_use = @standard
+      end
+    end
+
+    raise "No url provided for formula #{name}" if @url.nil?
+    @name = name
+    validate_variable :name
+
+    # If we got an explicit path, use that, else determine from the name
+    @path = path.nil? ? self.class.path(name) : Pathname.new(path)
+
+    # Use a provided version, if any
+    set_instance_variable 'version'
+    # Otherwise detect the version from the URL
+    @version ||= @spec_to_use.detect_version
+    # Only validate if a version was set; GitHubGistFormula needs to get
+    # the URL to determine the version
+    validate_variable :version if @version
+
+    CHECKSUM_TYPES.each { |type| set_instance_variable type }
+
+    @downloader = download_strategy.new @spec_to_use.url, name, version, @spec_to_use.specs
+
+    @bottle_url ||= bottle_base_url + bottle_filename(self) if @bottle_sha1
+  end
+
+  # if the dir is there, but it's empty we consider it not installed
+  def installed?
+    return installed_prefix.children.length > 0
+  rescue
+    return false
+  end
+
+  def explicitly_requested?
+    # `ARGV.formulae` will throw an exception if it comes up with an empty list.
+    # FIXME: `ARGV.formulae` shouldn't be throwing exceptions, see issue #8823
+   return false if ARGV.named.empty?
+   ARGV.formulae.include? self
+  end
+
+  def linked_keg
+    HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY/'Library/LinkedKegs'/@name
+  end
+
+  def installed_prefix
+    head_prefix = HOMEBREW_CELLAR+@name+'HEAD'
+    if @version == 'HEAD' || head_prefix.directory?
+      head_prefix
+    else
+      prefix
+    end
+  end
+
+  def prefix
+    validate_variable :name
+    validate_variable :version
+    HOMEBREW_CELLAR+@name+@version
+  end
+  def rack; prefix.parent end
+
+  def bin;     prefix+'bin'            end
+  def doc;     prefix+'share/doc'+name end
+  def include; prefix+'include'        end
+  def info;    prefix+'share/info'     end
+  def lib;     prefix+'lib'            end
+  def libexec; prefix+'libexec'        end
+  def man;     prefix+'share/man'      end
+  def man1;    man+'man1'              end
+  def man2;    man+'man2'              end
+  def man3;    man+'man3'              end
+  def man4;    man+'man4'              end
+  def man5;    man+'man5'              end
+  def man6;    man+'man6'              end
+  def man7;    man+'man7'              end
+  def man8;    man+'man8'              end
+  def sbin;    prefix+'sbin'           end
+  def share;   prefix+'share'          end
+
+  # configuration needs to be preserved past upgrades
+  def etc; HOMEBREW_PREFIX+'etc' end
+  # generally we don't want var stuff inside the keg
+  def var; HOMEBREW_PREFIX+'var' end
+
+  # plist name, i.e. the name of the launchd service
+  def plist_name; 'homebrew.mxcl.'+name end
+  def plist_path; prefix+(plist_name+'.plist') end
+
+  # Use the @spec_to_use to detect the download strategy.
+  # Can be overriden to force a custom download strategy
+  def download_strategy
+    @spec_to_use.download_strategy
+  end
+
+  def cached_download
+    @downloader.cached_location
+  end
+
+  # tell the user about any caveats regarding this package, return a string
+  def caveats; nil end
+
+  # any e.g. configure options for this package
+  def options; [] end
+
+  # patches are automatically applied after extracting the tarball
+  # return an array of strings, or if you need a patch level other than -p1
+  # return a Hash eg.
+  #   {
+  #     :p0 => ['http://foo.com/patch1', 'http://foo.com/patch2'],
+  #     :p1 =>  'http://bar.com/patch2',
+  #     :p2 => ['http://moo.com/patch5', 'http://moo.com/patch6']
+  #   }
+  # The final option is to return DATA, then put a diff after __END__. You
+  # can still return a Hash with DATA as the value for a patch level key.
+  def patches; end
+
+  # rarely, you don't want your library symlinked into the main prefix
+  # see gettext.rb for an example
+  def keg_only?
+    self.class.keg_only_reason || false
+  end
+
+  def fails_with? cc
+    return false if self.class.cc_failures.nil?
+    cc = Compiler.new(cc) unless cc.is_a? Compiler
+    return self.class.cc_failures.find do |failure|
+      next unless failure.compiler == cc.name
+      failure.build.zero? or failure.build >= cc.build
+    end
+  end
+
+  # sometimes the clean process breaks things
+  # skip cleaning paths in a formula with a class method like this:
+  #   skip_clean [bin+"foo", lib+"bar"]
+  # redefining skip_clean? now deprecated
+  def skip_clean? path
+    return true if self.class.skip_clean_all?
+    to_check = path.relative_path_from(prefix).to_s
+    self.class.skip_clean_paths.include? to_check
+  end
+
+  # yields self with current working directory set to the uncompressed tarball
+  def brew
+    validate_variable :name
+    validate_variable :version
+
+    stage do
+      begin
+        patch
+        # we allow formulas to do anything they want to the Ruby process
+        # so load any deps before this point! And exit asap afterwards
+        yield self
+      rescue Interrupt, RuntimeError, SystemCallError => e
+        puts if Interrupt === e # don't print next to the ^C
+        unless ARGV.debug?
+          %w(config.log CMakeCache.txt).select{|f| File.exist? f}.each do |f|
+            HOMEBREW_LOGS.install f
+            puts "#{f} was copied to #{HOMEBREW_LOGS}"
+          end
+          raise
+        end
+        onoe e.inspect
+        puts e.backtrace
+
+        ohai "Rescuing build..."
+        if (e.was_running_configure? rescue false) and File.exist? 'config.log'
+          puts "It looks like an autotools configure failed."
+          puts "Gist 'config.log' and any error output when reporting an issue."
+          puts
+        end
+
+        puts "When you exit this shell Homebrew will attempt to finalise the installation."
+        puts "If nothing is installed or the shell exits with a non-zero error code,"
+        puts "Homebrew will abort. The installation prefix is:"
+        puts prefix
+        interactive_shell self
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def == b
+    name == b.name
+  end
+  def eql? b
+    self == b and self.class.equal? b.class
+  end
+  def hash
+    name.hash
+  end
+  def <=> b
+    name <=> b.name
+  end
+  def to_s
+    name
+  end
+
+  # Standard parameters for CMake builds.
+  # Using Build Type "None" tells cmake to use our CFLAGS,etc. settings.
+  # Setting it to Release would ignore our flags.
+  # Setting CMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK to "LAST" tells CMake to search for our
+  # libraries before trying to utilize Frameworks, many of which will be from
+  # 3rd party installs.
+  # Note: there isn't a std_autotools variant because autotools is a lot
+  # less consistent and the standard parameters are more memorable.
+  def std_cmake_args
+    %W[
+      -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=#{prefix}
+      -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=None
+      -DCMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK=LAST
+      -Wno-dev
+    ]
+  end
+
+  def self.class_s name
+    #remove invalid characters and then camelcase it
+    name.capitalize.gsub(/[-_.\s]([a-zA-Z0-9])/) { $1.upcase } \
+                   .gsub('+', 'x')
+  end
+
+  # an array of all Formula names
+  def self.names
+    Dir["#{HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY}/Library/Formula/*.rb"].map{ |f| File.basename f, '.rb' }.sort
+  end
+
+  # an array of all Formula, instantiated
+  def self.all
+    map{ |f| f }
+  end
+  def self.map
+    rv = []
+    each{ |f| rv << yield(f) }
+    rv
+  end
+  def self.each
+    names.each do |n|
+      begin
+        yield Formula.factory(n)
+      rescue
+        # Don't let one broken formula break commands. But do complain.
+        onoe "Formula #{n} will not import."
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def inspect
+    name
+  end
+
+  def self.aliases
+    Dir["#{HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY}/Library/Aliases/*"].map{ |f| File.basename f }.sort
+  end
+
+  def self.canonical_name name
+    name = name.to_s if name.kind_of? Pathname
+
+    formula_with_that_name = HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY+"Library/Formula/#{name}.rb"
+    possible_alias = HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY+"Library/Aliases/#{name}"
+    possible_cached_formula = HOMEBREW_CACHE_FORMULA+"#{name}.rb"
+
+    if name.include? "/"
+      if name =~ %r{(.+)/(.+)/(.+)}
+        tapd = HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY/"Library/Taps"/"#$1-#$2".downcase
+        tapd.find_formula do |relative_pathname|
+          return "#{tapd}/#{relative_pathname}" if relative_pathname.stem.to_s == $3
+        end if tapd.directory?
+      end
+      # Otherwise don't resolve paths or URLs
+      name
+    elsif formula_with_that_name.file? and formula_with_that_name.readable?
+      name
+    elsif possible_alias.file?
+      possible_alias.realpath.basename('.rb').to_s
+    elsif possible_cached_formula.file?
+      possible_cached_formula.to_s
+    else
+      name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.factory name
+    # If an instance of Formula is passed, just return it
+    return name if name.kind_of? Formula
+
+    # Otherwise, convert to String in case a Pathname comes in
+    name = name.to_s
+
+    # If a URL is passed, download to the cache and install
+    if name =~ %r[(https?|ftp)://]
+      url = name
+      name = Pathname.new(name).basename
+      target_file = HOMEBREW_CACHE_FORMULA+name
+      name = name.basename(".rb").to_s
+
+      HOMEBREW_CACHE_FORMULA.mkpath
+      FileUtils.rm target_file, :force => true
+      curl url, '-o', target_file
+
+      require target_file
+      install_type = :from_url
+    else
+      name = Formula.canonical_name(name)
+      # If name was a path or mapped to a cached formula
+      if name.include? "/"
+        require name
+
+        # require allows filenames to drop the .rb extension, but everything else
+        # in our codebase will require an exact and fullpath.
+        name = "#{name}.rb" unless name =~ /\.rb$/
+
+        path = Pathname.new(name)
+        name = path.stem
+        install_type = :from_path
+        target_file = path.to_s
+      else
+        # For names, map to the path and then require
+        require Formula.path(name)
+        install_type = :from_name
+      end
+    end
+
+    begin
+      klass_name = self.class_s(name)
+      klass = Object.const_get klass_name
+    rescue NameError
+      # TODO really this text should be encoded into the exception
+      # and only shown if the UI deems it correct to show it
+      onoe "class \"#{klass_name}\" expected but not found in #{name}.rb"
+      puts "Double-check the name of the class in that formula."
+      raise LoadError
+    end
+
+    return klass.new(name) if install_type == :from_name
+    return klass.new(name, target_file)
+  rescue LoadError
+    raise FormulaUnavailableError.new(name)
+  end
+
+  def tap
+    if path.realpath.to_s =~ %r{#{HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY}/Library/Taps/(\w+)-(\w+)}
+      "#$1/#$2"
+    else
+      # remotely installed formula are not mxcl/master but this will do for now
+      "mxcl/master"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.path name
+    HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY+"Library/Formula/#{name.downcase}.rb"
+  end
+
+  def mirrors;       self.class.mirrors or []; end
+
+  def deps;          self.class.dependencies.deps;          end
+  def external_deps; self.class.dependencies.external_deps; end
+
+  # deps are in an installable order
+  # which means if a depends on b then b will be ordered before a in this list
+  def recursive_deps
+    Formula.expand_deps(self).flatten.uniq
+  end
+
+  def self.expand_deps f
+    f.deps.map do |dep|
+      f_dep = Formula.factory dep.to_s
+      expand_deps(f_dep) << f_dep
+    end
+  end
+
+protected
+
+  # Pretty titles the command and buffers stdout/stderr
+  # Throws if there's an error
+  def system cmd, *args
+    # remove "boring" arguments so that the important ones are more likely to
+    # be shown considering that we trim long ohai lines to the terminal width
+    pretty_args = args.dup
+    pretty_args.delete "--disable-dependency-tracking" if cmd == "./configure" and not ARGV.verbose?
+    ohai "#{cmd} #{pretty_args*' '}".strip
+
+    removed_ENV_variables = case if args.empty? then cmd.split(' ').first else cmd end
+    when "xcodebuild"
+      ENV.remove_cc_etc
+    end
+
+    if ARGV.verbose?
+      safe_system cmd, *args
+    else
+      rd, wr = IO.pipe
+      pid = fork do
+        rd.close
+        $stdout.reopen wr
+        $stderr.reopen wr
+        args.collect!{|arg| arg.to_s}
+        exec(cmd, *args) rescue nil
+        exit! 1 # never gets here unless exec threw or failed
+      end
+      wr.close
+      out = ''
+      out << rd.read until rd.eof?
+      Process.wait
+      unless $?.success?
+        puts out
+        raise
+      end
+    end
+
+    removed_ENV_variables.each do |key, value|
+      ENV[key] = value # ENV.kind_of? Hash  # => false
+    end if removed_ENV_variables
+
+  rescue
+    raise BuildError.new(self, cmd, args, $?)
+  end
+
+public
+
+  # For brew-fetch and others.
+  def fetch
+    if install_bottle? self
+      downloader = CurlBottleDownloadStrategy.new bottle_url, name, version, nil
+      mirror_list = []
+    else
+      downloader = @downloader
+      # Don't attempt mirrors if this install is not pointed at a "stable" URL.
+      # This can happen when options like `--HEAD` are invoked.
+      mirror_list =  @spec_to_use == @standard ? mirrors : []
+    end
+
+    # Ensure the cache exists
+    HOMEBREW_CACHE.mkpath
+
+    begin
+      fetched = downloader.fetch
+    rescue CurlDownloadStrategyError => e
+      raise e if mirror_list.empty?
+      puts "Trying a mirror..."
+      url, specs = mirror_list.shift.values_at :url, :specs
+      downloader = download_strategy.new url, name, version, specs
+      retry
+    end
+
+    return fetched, downloader
+  end
+
+  # Detect which type of checksum is being used, or nil if none
+  def checksum_type
+    CHECKSUM_TYPES.detect { |type| instance_variable_defined?("@#{type}") }
+  end
+
+  # For FormulaInstaller.
+  def verify_download_integrity fn, *args
+    require 'digest'
+    if args.length != 2
+      type = checksum_type || :md5
+      supplied = instance_variable_get("@#{type}")
+      # Convert symbol to readable string
+      type = type.to_s.upcase
+    else
+      supplied, type = args
+    end
+
+    hasher = Digest.const_get(type)
+    hash = fn.incremental_hash(hasher)
+
+    if supplied and not supplied.empty?
+      message = <<-EOF
+#{type} mismatch
+Expected: #{supplied}
+Got: #{hash}
+Archive: #{fn}
+(To retry an incomplete download, remove the file above.)
+EOF
+      raise message unless supplied.upcase == hash.upcase
+    else
+      opoo "Cannot verify package integrity"
+      puts "The formula did not provide a download checksum"
+      puts "For your reference the #{type} is: #{hash}"
+    end
+  end
+
+private
+
+  CHECKSUM_TYPES=[:md5, :sha1, :sha256].freeze
+
+  def stage
+    fetched, downloader = fetch
+    verify_download_integrity fetched if fetched.kind_of? Pathname
+    mktemp do
+      downloader.stage
+      # Set path after the downloader changes the working folder.
+      @buildpath = Pathname.pwd
+      yield
+      @buildpath = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def patch
+    patch_list = Patches.new(patches)
+    return if patch_list.empty?
+
+    if patch_list.external_patches?
+      ohai "Downloading patches"
+      patch_list.download!
+    end
+
+    ohai "Patching"
+    patch_list.each do |p|
+      case p.compression
+        when :gzip  then safe_system "/usr/bin/gunzip",  p.compressed_filename
+        when :bzip2 then safe_system "/usr/bin/bunzip2", p.compressed_filename
+      end
+      # -f means don't prompt the user if there are errors; just exit with non-zero status
+      safe_system '/usr/bin/patch', '-f', *(p.patch_args)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def validate_variable name
+    v = instance_variable_get("@#{name}")
+    raise "Invalid @#{name}" if v.to_s.empty? or v =~ /\s/
+  end
+
+  def set_instance_variable(type)
+    return if instance_variable_defined? "@#{type}"
+    class_value = self.class.send(type)
+    instance_variable_set("@#{type}", class_value) if class_value
+  end
+
+  def self.method_added method
+    raise 'You cannot override Formula.brew' if method == :brew
+  end
+
+  class << self
+    # The methods below define the formula DSL.
+    attr_reader :standard, :unstable
+
+    def self.attr_rw(*attrs)
+      attrs.each do |attr|
+        class_eval %Q{
+          def #{attr}(val=nil)
+            val.nil? ? @#{attr} : @#{attr} = val
+          end
+        }
+      end
+    end
+
+    attr_rw :version, :homepage, :mirrors, :specs
+    attr_rw :keg_only_reason, :skip_clean_all, :cc_failures
+    attr_rw :bottle_version, :bottle_url, :bottle_sha1
+    attr_rw(*CHECKSUM_TYPES)
+
+    def head val=nil, specs=nil
+      return @head if val.nil?
+      @unstable = SoftwareSpecification.new(val, specs)
+      @head = val
+      @specs = specs
+    end
+
+    def url val=nil, specs=nil
+      return @url if val.nil?
+      @standard = SoftwareSpecification.new(val, specs)
+      @url = val
+      @specs = specs
+    end
+
+    def stable &block
+      raise "url and md5 must be specified in a block" unless block_given?
+      instance_eval(&block) unless ARGV.build_devel? or ARGV.build_head?
+    end
+
+    def devel &block
+      raise "url and md5 must be specified in a block" unless block_given?
+      if ARGV.build_devel?
+        @mirrors = nil # clear out mirrors from the stable release
+        instance_eval(&block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bottle url=nil, &block
+      return unless block_given?
+
+      bottle_block = Class.new do
+        def self.version version
+          @version = version
+        end
+
+        def self.url url
+          @url = url
+        end
+
+        def self.sha1 sha1
+          case sha1
+          when Hash
+            key, value = sha1.shift
+            @sha1 = key if value == MacOS.cat
+          when String
+            @sha1 = sha1 if MacOS.lion?
+          end
+        end
+
+        def self.data
+          @version = 0 unless @version
+          return @version, @url, @sha1 if @sha1 && @url
+          return @version, nil, @sha1 if @sha1
+        end
+      end
+
+      bottle_block.instance_eval(&block)
+      @bottle_version, @bottle_url, @bottle_sha1 = bottle_block.data
+    end
+
+    def mirror val, specs=nil
+      @mirrors ||= []
+      @mirrors << {:url => val, :specs => specs}
+      # Added the uniq after some inspection with Pry---seems `mirror` gets
+      # called three times. The first two times only one copy of the input is
+      # left in `@mirrors`. On the final call, two copies are present. This
+      # happens with `@deps` as well. Odd.
+      @mirrors.uniq!
+    end
+
+    def dependencies
+      @dependencies ||= DependencyCollector.new
+    end
+
+    def depends_on dep
+      dependencies.add(dep)
+    end
+
+    def skip_clean paths
+      if paths == :all
+        @skip_clean_all = true
+        return
+      end
+      @skip_clean_paths ||= []
+      [paths].flatten.each do |p|
+        @skip_clean_paths << p.to_s unless @skip_clean_paths.include? p.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def skip_clean_all?
+      @skip_clean_all
+    end
+
+    def skip_clean_paths
+      @skip_clean_paths or []
+    end
+
+    def keg_only reason, explanation=nil
+      @keg_only_reason = KegOnlyReason.new(reason, explanation.to_s.chomp)
+    end
+
+    def fails_with compiler, &block
+      @cc_failures ||= CompilerFailures.new
+      @cc_failures << if block_given?
+        CompilerFailure.new(compiler, &block)
+      else
+        CompilerFailure.new(compiler)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+require 'formula_specialties'
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/grit.rb b/samples/Ruby/grit.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc84753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/grit.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module Grit
+end
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/inflector.rb b/samples/Ruby/inflector.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2acc6dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/inflector.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+require 'active_support/inflector/inflections'
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  # The Inflector transforms words from singular to plural, class names to table names, modularized class names to ones without,
+  # and class names to foreign keys. The default inflections for pluralization, singularization, and uncountable words are kept
+  # in inflections.rb.
+  #
+  # The Rails core team has stated patches for the inflections library will not be accepted
+  # in order to avoid breaking legacy applications which may be relying on errant inflections.
+  # If you discover an incorrect inflection and require it for your application, you'll need
+  # to correct it yourself (explained below).
+  module Inflector
+    extend self
+
+    # Returns the plural form of the word in the string.
+    #
+    #   "post".pluralize             # => "posts"
+    #   "octopus".pluralize          # => "octopi"
+    #   "sheep".pluralize            # => "sheep"
+    #   "words".pluralize            # => "words"
+    #   "CamelOctopus".pluralize     # => "CamelOctopi"
+    def pluralize(word)
+      apply_inflections(word, inflections.plurals)
+    end
+
+    # The reverse of +pluralize+, returns the singular form of a word in a string.
+    #
+    #   "posts".singularize            # => "post"
+    #   "octopi".singularize           # => "octopus"
+    #   "sheep".singularize            # => "sheep"
+    #   "word".singularize             # => "word"
+    #   "CamelOctopi".singularize      # => "CamelOctopus"
+    def singularize(word)
+      apply_inflections(word, inflections.singulars)
+    end
+
+    # By default, +camelize+ converts strings to UpperCamelCase. If the argument to +camelize+
+    # is set to <tt>:lower</tt> then +camelize+ produces lowerCamelCase.
+    #
+    # +camelize+ will also convert '/' to '::' which is useful for converting paths to namespaces.
+    #
+    #   "active_model".camelize                # => "ActiveModel"
+    #   "active_model".camelize(:lower)        # => "activeModel"
+    #   "active_model/errors".camelize         # => "ActiveModel::Errors"
+    #   "active_model/errors".camelize(:lower) # => "activeModel::Errors"
+    #
+    # As a rule of thumb you can think of +camelize+ as the inverse of +underscore+,
+    # though there are cases where that does not hold:
+    #
+    #   "SSLError".underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
+    def camelize(term, uppercase_first_letter = true)
+      string = term.to_s
+      if uppercase_first_letter
+        string = string.sub(/^[a-z\d]*/) { inflections.acronyms[$&] || $&.capitalize }
+      else
+        string = string.sub(/^(?:#{inflections.acronym_regex}(?=\b|[A-Z_])|\w)/) { $&.downcase }
+      end
+      string.gsub(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/i) { "#{$1}#{inflections.acronyms[$2] || $2.capitalize}" }.gsub('/', '::')
+    end
+
+    # Makes an underscored, lowercase form from the expression in the string.
+    #
+    # Changes '::' to '/' to convert namespaces to paths.
+    #
+    #   "ActiveModel".underscore         # => "active_model"
+    #   "ActiveModel::Errors".underscore # => "active_model/errors"
+    #
+    # As a rule of thumb you can think of +underscore+ as the inverse of +camelize+,
+    # though there are cases where that does not hold:
+    #
+    #   "SSLError".underscore.camelize # => "SslError"
+    def underscore(camel_cased_word)
+      word = camel_cased_word.to_s.dup
+      word.gsub!('::', '/')
+      word.gsub!(/(?:([A-Za-z\d])|^)(#{inflections.acronym_regex})(?=\b|[^a-z])/) { "#{$1}#{$1 && '_'}#{$2.downcase}" }
+      word.gsub!(/([A-Z\d]+)([A-Z][a-z])/,'\1_\2')
+      word.gsub!(/([a-z\d])([A-Z])/,'\1_\2')
+      word.tr!("-", "_")
+      word.downcase!
+      word
+    end
+
+    # Capitalizes the first word and turns underscores into spaces and strips a
+    # trailing "_id", if any. Like +titleize+, this is meant for creating pretty output.
+    #
+    #   "employee_salary" # => "Employee salary"
+    #   "author_id"       # => "Author"
+    def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word)
+      result = lower_case_and_underscored_word.to_s.dup
+      inflections.humans.each { |(rule, replacement)| break if result.sub!(rule, replacement) }
+      result.gsub!(/_id$/, "")
+      result.tr!('_', ' ')
+      result.gsub(/([a-z\d]*)/i) { |match|
+        "#{inflections.acronyms[match] || match.downcase}"
+      }.gsub(/^\w/) { $&.upcase }
+    end
+
+    # Capitalizes all the words and replaces some characters in the string to create
+    # a nicer looking title. +titleize+ is meant for creating pretty output. It is not
+    # used in the Rails internals.
+    #
+    # +titleize+ is also aliased as +titlecase+.
+    #
+    #   "man from the boondocks".titleize   # => "Man From The Boondocks"
+    #   "x-men: the last stand".titleize    # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
+    #   "TheManWithoutAPast".titleize       # => "The Man Without A Past"
+    #   "raiders_of_the_lost_ark".titleize  # => "Raiders Of The Lost Ark"
+    def titleize(word)
+      humanize(underscore(word)).gsub(/\b(?<!['’`])[a-z]/) { $&.capitalize }
+    end
+
+    # Create the name of a table like Rails does for models to table names. This method
+    # uses the +pluralize+ method on the last word in the string.
+    #
+    #   "RawScaledScorer".tableize # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
+    #   "egg_and_ham".tableize     # => "egg_and_hams"
+    #   "fancyCategory".tableize   # => "fancy_categories"
+    def tableize(class_name)
+      pluralize(underscore(class_name))
+    end
+
+    # Create a class name from a plural table name like Rails does for table names to models.
+    # Note that this returns a string and not a Class. (To convert to an actual class
+    # follow +classify+ with +constantize+.)
+    #
+    #   "egg_and_hams".classify # => "EggAndHam"
+    #   "posts".classify        # => "Post"
+    #
+    # Singular names are not handled correctly:
+    #   "business".classify     # => "Busines"
+    def classify(table_name)
+      # strip out any leading schema name
+      camelize(singularize(table_name.to_s.sub(/.*\./, '')))
+    end
+
+    # Replaces underscores with dashes in the string.
+    #
+    #   "puni_puni".dasherize # => "puni-puni"
+    def dasherize(underscored_word)
+      underscored_word.tr('_', '-')
+    end
+
+    # Removes the module part from the expression in the string:
+    #
+    #   "ActiveRecord::CoreExtensions::String::Inflections".demodulize # => "Inflections"
+    #   "Inflections".demodulize                                       # => "Inflections"
+    #
+    # See also +deconstantize+.
+    def demodulize(path)
+      path = path.to_s
+      if i = path.rindex('::')
+        path[(i+2)..-1]
+      else
+        path
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Removes the rightmost segment from the constant expression in the string:
+    #
+    #   "Net::HTTP".deconstantize   # => "Net"
+    #   "::Net::HTTP".deconstantize # => "::Net"
+    #   "String".deconstantize      # => ""
+    #   "::String".deconstantize    # => ""
+    #   "".deconstantize            # => ""
+    #
+    # See also +demodulize+.
+    def deconstantize(path)
+      path.to_s[0...(path.rindex('::') || 0)] # implementation based on the one in facets' Module#spacename
+    end
+
+    # Creates a foreign key name from a class name.
+    # +separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore+ sets whether
+    # the method should put '_' between the name and 'id'.
+    #
+    #   "Message".foreign_key        # => "message_id"
+    #   "Message".foreign_key(false) # => "messageid"
+    #   "Admin::Post".foreign_key    # => "post_id"
+    def foreign_key(class_name, separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore = true)
+      underscore(demodulize(class_name)) + (separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore ? "_id" : "id")
+    end
+
+    # Tries to find a constant with the name specified in the argument string:
+    #
+    #   "Module".constantize     # => Module
+    #   "Test::Unit".constantize # => Test::Unit
+    #
+    # The name is assumed to be the one of a top-level constant, no matter whether
+    # it starts with "::" or not. No lexical context is taken into account:
+    #
+    #   C = 'outside'
+    #   module M
+    #     C = 'inside'
+    #     C               # => 'inside'
+    #     "C".constantize # => 'outside', same as ::C
+    #   end
+    #
+    # NameError is raised when the name is not in CamelCase or the constant is
+    # unknown.
+    def constantize(camel_cased_word)
+      names = camel_cased_word.split('::')
+      names.shift if names.empty? || names.first.empty?
+
+      names.inject(Object) do |constant, name|
+        if constant == Object
+          constant.const_get(name)
+        else
+          candidate = constant.const_get(name)
+          next candidate if constant.const_defined?(name, false)
+          next candidate unless Object.const_defined?(name)
+
+          # Go down the ancestors to check it it's owned
+          # directly before we reach Object or the end of ancestors.
+          constant = constant.ancestors.inject do |const, ancestor|
+            break const    if ancestor == Object
+            break ancestor if ancestor.const_defined?(name, false)
+            const
+          end
+
+          # owner is in Object, so raise
+          constant.const_get(name, false)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Tries to find a constant with the name specified in the argument string:
+    #
+    #   "Module".safe_constantize     # => Module
+    #   "Test::Unit".safe_constantize # => Test::Unit
+    #
+    # The name is assumed to be the one of a top-level constant, no matter whether
+    # it starts with "::" or not. No lexical context is taken into account:
+    #
+    #   C = 'outside'
+    #   module M
+    #     C = 'inside'
+    #     C                    # => 'inside'
+    #     "C".safe_constantize # => 'outside', same as ::C
+    #   end
+    #
+    # nil is returned when the name is not in CamelCase or the constant (or part of it) is
+    # unknown.
+    #
+    #   "blargle".safe_constantize  # => nil
+    #   "UnknownModule".safe_constantize  # => nil
+    #   "UnknownModule::Foo::Bar".safe_constantize  # => nil
+    #
+    def safe_constantize(camel_cased_word)
+      begin
+        constantize(camel_cased_word)
+      rescue NameError => e
+        raise unless e.message =~ /(uninitialized constant|wrong constant name) #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}$/ ||
+          e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s
+      rescue ArgumentError => e
+        raise unless e.message =~ /not missing constant #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}\!$/
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns the suffix that should be added to a number to denote the position
+    # in an ordered sequence such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.
+    #
+    #   ordinal(1)     # => "st"
+    #   ordinal(2)     # => "nd"
+    #   ordinal(1002)  # => "nd"
+    #   ordinal(1003)  # => "rd"
+    #   ordinal(-11)   # => "th"
+    #   ordinal(-1021) # => "st"
+    def ordinal(number)
+      if (11..13).include?(number.to_i.abs % 100)
+        "th"
+      else
+        case number.to_i.abs % 10
+          when 1; "st"
+          when 2; "nd"
+          when 3; "rd"
+          else    "th"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Turns a number into an ordinal string used to denote the position in an
+    # ordered sequence such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.
+    #
+    #   ordinalize(1)     # => "1st"
+    #   ordinalize(2)     # => "2nd"
+    #   ordinalize(1002)  # => "1002nd"
+    #   ordinalize(1003)  # => "1003rd"
+    #   ordinalize(-11)   # => "-11th"
+    #   ordinalize(-1021) # => "-1021st"
+    def ordinalize(number)
+      "#{number}#{ordinal(number)}"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Mount a regular expression that will match part by part of the constant.
+    # For instance, Foo::Bar::Baz will generate Foo(::Bar(::Baz)?)?
+    def const_regexp(camel_cased_word) #:nodoc:
+      parts = camel_cased_word.split("::")
+      last  = parts.pop
+
+      parts.reverse.inject(last) do |acc, part|
+        part.empty? ? acc : "#{part}(::#{acc})?"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Applies inflection rules for +singularize+ and +pluralize+.
+    #
+    #  apply_inflections("post", inflections.plurals) # => "posts"
+    #  apply_inflections("posts", inflections.singulars) # => "post"
+    def apply_inflections(word, rules)
+      result = word.to_s.dup
+
+      if word.empty? || inflections.uncountables.include?(result.downcase[/\b\w+\Z/])
+        result
+      else
+        rules.each { |(rule, replacement)| break if result.sub!(rule, replacement) }
+        result
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/jekyll.rb b/samples/Ruby/jekyll.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd455fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/jekyll.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+$:.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__) # For use/testing when no gem is installed
+
+# Require all of the Ruby files in the given directory.
+#
+# path - The String relative path from here to the directory.
+#
+# Returns nothing.
+def require_all(path)
+  glob = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), path, '*.rb')
+  Dir[glob].each do |f|
+    require f
+  end
+end
+
+# rubygems
+require 'rubygems'
+
+# stdlib
+require 'fileutils'
+require 'time'
+require 'yaml'
+require 'English'
+
+# 3rd party
+require 'liquid'
+require 'maruku'
+require 'albino'
+
+# internal requires
+require 'jekyll/core_ext'
+require 'jekyll/site'
+require 'jekyll/convertible'
+require 'jekyll/layout'
+require 'jekyll/page'
+require 'jekyll/post'
+require 'jekyll/filters'
+require 'jekyll/static_file'
+require 'jekyll/errors'
+
+# extensions
+require 'jekyll/plugin'
+require 'jekyll/converter'
+require 'jekyll/generator'
+require_all 'jekyll/converters'
+require_all 'jekyll/generators'
+require_all 'jekyll/tags'
+
+module Jekyll
+  VERSION = '0.11.2'
+
+  # Default options. Overriden by values in _config.yml or command-line opts.
+  # (Strings rather symbols used for compatability with YAML).
+  DEFAULTS = {
+    'safe'          => false,
+    'auto'          => false,
+    'server'        => false,
+    'server_port'   => 4000,
+
+    'source'       => Dir.pwd,
+    'destination'  => File.join(Dir.pwd, '_site'),
+    'plugins'      => File.join(Dir.pwd, '_plugins'),
+
+    'future'       => true,
+    'lsi'          => false,
+    'pygments'     => false,
+    'markdown'     => 'maruku',
+    'permalink'    => 'date',
+    'include'      => ['.htaccess'],
+    'paginate_path' => 'page:num',
+
+    'markdown_ext' => 'markdown,mkd,mkdn,md',
+    'textile_ext'  => 'textile',
+
+    'maruku'       => {
+      'use_tex'    => false,
+      'use_divs'   => false,
+      'png_engine' => 'blahtex',
+      'png_dir'    => 'images/latex',
+      'png_url'    => '/images/latex'
+    },
+    'rdiscount'    => {
+      'extensions' => []
+    },
+    'redcarpet'    => {
+      'extensions' => []
+    },
+    'kramdown'        => {
+      'auto_ids'      => true,
+      'footnote_nr'   => 1,
+      'entity_output' => 'as_char',
+      'toc_levels'    => '1..6',
+      'smart_quotes'  => 'lsquo,rsquo,ldquo,rdquo',
+      'use_coderay'   => false,
+
+      'coderay' => {
+        'coderay_wrap'              => 'div',
+        'coderay_line_numbers'      => 'inline',
+        'coderay_line_number_start' => 1,
+        'coderay_tab_width'         => 4,
+        'coderay_bold_every'        => 10,
+        'coderay_css'               => 'style'
+      }
+    },
+    'redcloth'        => {
+      'hard_breaks'   => true
+    }
+  }
+
+  # Public: Generate a Jekyll configuration Hash by merging the default
+  # options with anything in _config.yml, and adding the given options on top.
+  #
+  # override - A Hash of config directives that override any options in both
+  #            the defaults and the config file. See Jekyll::DEFAULTS for a
+  #            list of option names and their defaults.
+  #
+  # Returns the final configuration Hash.
+  def self.configuration(override)
+    # _config.yml may override default source location, but until
+    # then, we need to know where to look for _config.yml
+    source = override['source'] || Jekyll::DEFAULTS['source']
+
+    # Get configuration from <source>/_config.yml
+    config_file = File.join(source, '_config.yml')
+    begin
+      config = YAML.load_file(config_file)
+      raise "Invalid configuration - #{config_file}" if !config.is_a?(Hash)
+      $stdout.puts "Configuration from #{config_file}"
+    rescue => err
+      $stderr.puts "WARNING: Could not read configuration. " +
+                   "Using defaults (and options)."
+      $stderr.puts "\t" + err.to_s
+      config = {}
+    end
+
+    # Merge DEFAULTS < _config.yml < override
+    Jekyll::DEFAULTS.deep_merge(config).deep_merge(override)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/macruby-script b/samples/Ruby/macruby-script
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..491be11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/macruby-script
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env macruby
+puts "MacRuby"
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/resque.rb b/samples/Ruby/resque.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e36524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/resque.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+require 'redis/namespace'
+
+require 'resque/version'
+
+require 'resque/errors'
+
+require 'resque/failure'
+require 'resque/failure/base'
+
+require 'resque/helpers'
+require 'resque/stat'
+require 'resque/job'
+require 'resque/worker'
+require 'resque/plugin'
+require 'resque/queue'
+require 'resque/multi_queue'
+require 'resque/coder'
+require 'resque/multi_json_coder'
+
+module Resque
+  include Helpers
+  extend self
+
+  # Accepts:
+  #   1. A 'hostname:port' String
+  #   2. A 'hostname:port:db' String (to select the Redis db)
+  #   3. A 'hostname:port/namespace' String (to set the Redis namespace)
+  #   4. A Redis URL String 'redis://host:port'
+  #   5. An instance of `Redis`, `Redis::Client`, `Redis::DistRedis`,
+  #      or `Redis::Namespace`.
+  def redis=(server)
+    case server
+    when String
+      if server =~ /redis\:\/\//
+        redis = Redis.connect(:url => server, :thread_safe => true)
+      else
+        server, namespace = server.split('/', 2)
+        host, port, db = server.split(':')
+        redis = Redis.new(:host => host, :port => port,
+          :thread_safe => true, :db => db)
+      end
+      namespace ||= :resque
+
+      @redis = Redis::Namespace.new(namespace, :redis => redis)
+    when Redis::Namespace
+      @redis = server
+    else
+      @redis = Redis::Namespace.new(:resque, :redis => server)
+    end
+    @queues = Hash.new { |h,name|
+      h[name] = Resque::Queue.new(name, @redis, coder)
+    }
+  end
+
+  # Encapsulation of encode/decode. Overwrite this to use it across Resque.
+  # This defaults to MultiJson for backwards compatibilty.
+  def coder
+    @coder ||= MultiJsonCoder.new
+  end
+  attr_writer :coder
+
+  # Returns the current Redis connection. If none has been created, will
+  # create a new one.
+  def redis
+    return @redis if @redis
+    self.redis = Redis.respond_to?(:connect) ? Redis.connect : "localhost:6379"
+    self.redis
+  end
+
+  def redis_id
+    # support 1.x versions of redis-rb
+    if redis.respond_to?(:server)
+      redis.server
+    elsif redis.respond_to?(:nodes) # distributed
+      redis.nodes.map { |n| n.id }.join(', ')
+    else
+      redis.client.id
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The `before_first_fork` hook will be run in the **parent** process
+  # only once, before forking to run the first job. Be careful- any
+  # changes you make will be permanent for the lifespan of the
+  # worker.
+  #
+  # Call with a block to set the hook.
+  # Call with no arguments to return the hook.
+  def before_first_fork(&block)
+    block ? (@before_first_fork = block) : @before_first_fork
+  end
+
+  # Set a proc that will be called in the parent process before the
+  # worker forks for the first time.
+  attr_writer :before_first_fork
+
+  # The `before_fork` hook will be run in the **parent** process
+  # before every job, so be careful- any changes you make will be
+  # permanent for the lifespan of the worker.
+  #
+  # Call with a block to set the hook.
+  # Call with no arguments to return the hook.
+  def before_fork(&block)
+    block ? (@before_fork = block) : @before_fork
+  end
+
+  # Set the before_fork proc.
+  attr_writer :before_fork
+
+  # The `after_fork` hook will be run in the child process and is passed
+  # the current job. Any changes you make, therefore, will only live as
+  # long as the job currently being processed.
+  #
+  # Call with a block to set the hook.
+  # Call with no arguments to return the hook.
+  def after_fork(&block)
+    block ? (@after_fork = block) : @after_fork
+  end
+
+  # Set the after_fork proc.
+  attr_writer :after_fork
+
+  def to_s
+    "Resque Client connected to #{redis_id}"
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :inline
+
+  # If 'inline' is true Resque will call #perform method inline
+  # without queuing it into Redis and without any Resque callbacks.
+  # The 'inline' is false Resque jobs will be put in queue regularly.
+  alias :inline? :inline
+
+  #
+  # queue manipulation
+  #
+
+  # Pushes a job onto a queue. Queue name should be a string and the
+  # item should be any JSON-able Ruby object.
+  #
+  # Resque works generally expect the `item` to be a hash with the following
+  # keys:
+  #
+  #   class - The String name of the job to run.
+  #    args - An Array of arguments to pass the job. Usually passed
+  #           via `class.to_class.perform(*args)`.
+  #
+  # Example
+  #
+  #   Resque.push('archive', :class => 'Archive', :args => [ 35, 'tar' ])
+  #
+  # Returns nothing
+  def push(queue, item)
+    queue(queue) << item
+  end
+
+  # Pops a job off a queue. Queue name should be a string.
+  #
+  # Returns a Ruby object.
+  def pop(queue)
+    begin
+      queue(queue).pop(true)
+    rescue ThreadError
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns an integer representing the size of a queue.
+  # Queue name should be a string.
+  def size(queue)
+    queue(queue).size
+  end
+
+  # Returns an array of items currently queued. Queue name should be
+  # a string.
+  #
+  # start and count should be integer and can be used for pagination.
+  # start is the item to begin, count is how many items to return.
+  #
+  # To get the 3rd page of a 30 item, paginatied list one would use:
+  #   Resque.peek('my_list', 59, 30)
+  def peek(queue, start = 0, count = 1)
+    queue(queue).slice start, count
+  end
+
+  # Does the dirty work of fetching a range of items from a Redis list
+  # and converting them into Ruby objects.
+  def list_range(key, start = 0, count = 1)
+    if count == 1
+      decode redis.lindex(key, start)
+    else
+      Array(redis.lrange(key, start, start+count-1)).map do |item|
+        decode item
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns an array of all known Resque queues as strings.
+  def queues
+    Array(redis.smembers(:queues))
+  end
+
+  # Given a queue name, completely deletes the queue.
+  def remove_queue(queue)
+    queue(queue).destroy
+    @queues.delete(queue.to_s)
+  end
+
+  # Return the Resque::Queue object for a given name
+  def queue(name)
+    @queues[name.to_s]
+  end
+
+
+  #
+  # job shortcuts
+  #
+
+  # This method can be used to conveniently add a job to a queue.
+  # It assumes the class you're passing it is a real Ruby class (not
+  # a string or reference) which either:
+  #
+  #   a) has a @queue ivar set
+  #   b) responds to `queue`
+  #
+  # If either of those conditions are met, it will use the value obtained
+  # from performing one of the above operations to determine the queue.
+  #
+  # If no queue can be inferred this method will raise a `Resque::NoQueueError`
+  #
+  # Returns true if the job was queued, nil if the job was rejected by a
+  # before_enqueue hook.
+  #
+  # This method is considered part of the `stable` API.
+  def enqueue(klass, *args)
+    enqueue_to(queue_from_class(klass), klass, *args)
+  end
+
+  # Just like `enqueue` but allows you to specify the queue you want to
+  # use. Runs hooks.
+  #
+  # `queue` should be the String name of the queue you're targeting.
+  #
+  # Returns true if the job was queued, nil if the job was rejected by a
+  # before_enqueue hook.
+  #
+  # This method is considered part of the `stable` API.
+  def enqueue_to(queue, klass, *args)
+    # Perform before_enqueue hooks. Don't perform enqueue if any hook returns false
+    before_hooks = Plugin.before_enqueue_hooks(klass).collect do |hook|
+      klass.send(hook, *args)
+    end
+    return nil if before_hooks.any? { |result| result == false }
+
+    Job.create(queue, klass, *args)
+
+    Plugin.after_enqueue_hooks(klass).each do |hook|
+      klass.send(hook, *args)
+    end
+
+    return true
+  end
+
+  # This method can be used to conveniently remove a job from a queue.
+  # It assumes the class you're passing it is a real Ruby class (not
+  # a string or reference) which either:
+  #
+  #   a) has a @queue ivar set
+  #   b) responds to `queue`
+  #
+  # If either of those conditions are met, it will use the value obtained
+  # from performing one of the above operations to determine the queue.
+  #
+  # If no queue can be inferred this method will raise a `Resque::NoQueueError`
+  #
+  # If no args are given, this method will dequeue *all* jobs matching
+  # the provided class. See `Resque::Job.destroy` for more
+  # information.
+  #
+  # Returns the number of jobs destroyed.
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #
+  #   # Removes all jobs of class `UpdateNetworkGraph`
+  #   Resque.dequeue(GitHub::Jobs::UpdateNetworkGraph)
+  #
+  #   # Removes all jobs of class `UpdateNetworkGraph` with matching args.
+  #   Resque.dequeue(GitHub::Jobs::UpdateNetworkGraph, 'repo:135325')
+  #
+  # This method is considered part of the `stable` API.
+  def dequeue(klass, *args)
+    # Perform before_dequeue hooks. Don't perform dequeue if any hook returns false
+    before_hooks = Plugin.before_dequeue_hooks(klass).collect do |hook|
+      klass.send(hook, *args)
+    end
+    return if before_hooks.any? { |result| result == false }
+
+    Job.destroy(queue_from_class(klass), klass, *args)
+
+    Plugin.after_dequeue_hooks(klass).each do |hook|
+      klass.send(hook, *args)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Given a class, try to extrapolate an appropriate queue based on a
+  # class instance variable or `queue` method.
+  def queue_from_class(klass)
+    klass.instance_variable_get(:@queue) ||
+      (klass.respond_to?(:queue) and klass.queue)
+  end
+
+  # This method will return a `Resque::Job` object or a non-true value
+  # depending on whether a job can be obtained. You should pass it the
+  # precise name of a queue: case matters.
+  #
+  # This method is considered part of the `stable` API.
+  def reserve(queue)
+    Job.reserve(queue)
+  end
+
+  # Validates if the given klass could be a valid Resque job
+  #
+  # If no queue can be inferred this method will raise a `Resque::NoQueueError`
+  #
+  # If given klass is nil this method will raise a `Resque::NoClassError`
+  def validate(klass, queue = nil)
+    queue ||= queue_from_class(klass)
+
+    if !queue
+      raise NoQueueError.new("Jobs must be placed onto a queue.")
+    end
+
+    if klass.to_s.empty?
+      raise NoClassError.new("Jobs must be given a class.")
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  #
+  # worker shortcuts
+  #
+
+  # A shortcut to Worker.all
+  def workers
+    Worker.all
+  end
+
+  # A shortcut to Worker.working
+  def working
+    Worker.working
+  end
+
+  # A shortcut to unregister_worker
+  # useful for command line tool
+  def remove_worker(worker_id)
+    worker = Resque::Worker.find(worker_id)
+    worker.unregister_worker
+  end
+
+  #
+  # stats
+  #
+
+  # Returns a hash, similar to redis-rb's #info, of interesting stats.
+  def info
+    return {
+      :pending   => queues.inject(0) { |m,k| m + size(k) },
+      :processed => Stat[:processed],
+      :queues    => queues.size,
+      :workers   => workers.size.to_i,
+      :working   => working.size,
+      :failed    => Stat[:failed],
+      :servers   => [redis_id],
+      :environment  => ENV['RAILS_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || 'development'
+    }
+  end
+
+  # Returns an array of all known Resque keys in Redis. Redis' KEYS operation
+  # is O(N) for the keyspace, so be careful - this can be slow for big databases.
+  def keys
+    redis.keys("*").map do |key|
+      key.sub("#{redis.namespace}:", '')
+    end
+  end
+end
+
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/script.rake b/samples/Ruby/script.rake
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..96992aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/script.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env rake
+task :default do
+  puts "Rake"
+end
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/script.rb b/samples/Ruby/script.rb
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..01a30f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/script.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+puts "Ruby"
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/script2.rb b/samples/Ruby/script2.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40aeb7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/script2.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env ruby -w -Ilib:test
+echo "Ruby"
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/sinatra.rb b/samples/Ruby/sinatra.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36ec2a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/sinatra.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,1775 @@
+# external dependencies
+require 'rack'
+require 'tilt'
+require "rack/protection"
+
+# stdlib dependencies
+require 'thread'
+require 'time'
+require 'uri'
+
+# other files we need
+require 'sinatra/showexceptions'
+require 'sinatra/version'
+
+module Sinatra
+  # The request object. See Rack::Request for more info:
+  # http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/classes/Rack/Request.html
+  class Request < Rack::Request
+    # Returns an array of acceptable media types for the response
+    def accept
+      @env['sinatra.accept'] ||= begin
+        entries = @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s.split(',')
+        entries.map { |e| accept_entry(e) }.sort_by(&:last).map(&:first)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def preferred_type(*types)
+      return accept.first if types.empty?
+      types.flatten!
+      accept.detect do |pattern|
+        type = types.detect { |t| File.fnmatch(pattern, t) }
+        return type if type
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias accept? preferred_type
+    alias secure? ssl?
+
+    def forwarded?
+      @env.include? "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
+    end
+
+    def safe?
+      get? or head? or options? or trace?
+    end
+
+    def idempotent?
+      safe? or put? or delete?
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def accept_entry(entry)
+      type, *options = entry.delete(' ').split(';')
+      quality = 0 # we sort smallest first
+      options.delete_if { |e| quality = 1 - e[2..-1].to_f if e.start_with? 'q=' }
+      [type, [quality, type.count('*'), 1 - options.size]]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The response object. See Rack::Response and Rack::ResponseHelpers for
+  # more info:
+  # http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/classes/Rack/Response.html
+  # http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/classes/Rack/Response/Helpers.html
+  class Response < Rack::Response
+    def body=(value)
+      value = value.body while Rack::Response === value
+      @body = String === value ? [value.to_str] : value
+    end
+
+    def each
+      block_given? ? super : enum_for(:each)
+    end
+
+    def finish
+      if status.to_i / 100 == 1
+        headers.delete "Content-Length"
+        headers.delete "Content-Type"
+      elsif Array === body and not [204, 304].include?(status.to_i)
+        # if some other code has already set Content-Length, don't muck with it
+        # currently, this would be the static file-handler
+        headers["Content-Length"] ||= body.inject(0) { |l, p| l + Rack::Utils.bytesize(p) }.to_s
+      end
+
+      # Rack::Response#finish sometimes returns self as response body. We don't want that.
+      status, headers, result = super
+      result = body if result == self
+      [status, headers, result]
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Some Rack handlers (Thin, Rainbows!) implement an extended body object protocol, however,
+  # some middleware (namely Rack::Lint) will break it by not mirroring the methods in question.
+  # This middleware will detect an extended body object and will make sure it reaches the
+  # handler directly. We do this here, so our middleware and middleware set up by the app will
+  # still be able to run.
+  class ExtendedRack < Struct.new(:app)
+    def call(env)
+      result, callback = app.call(env), env['async.callback']
+      return result unless callback and async?(*result)
+      after_response { callback.call result }
+      setup_close(env, *result)
+      throw :async
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def setup_close(env, status, header, body)
+      return unless body.respond_to? :close and env.include? 'async.close'
+      env['async.close'].callback { body.close }
+      env['async.close'].errback { body.close }
+    end
+
+    def after_response(&block)
+      raise NotImplementedError, "only supports EventMachine at the moment" unless defined? EventMachine
+      EventMachine.next_tick(&block)
+    end
+
+    def async?(status, headers, body)
+      return true if status == -1
+      body.respond_to? :callback and body.respond_to? :errback
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Behaves exactly like Rack::CommonLogger with the notable exception that it does nothing,
+  # if another CommonLogger is already in the middleware chane.
+  class CommonLogger < Rack::CommonLogger
+    def call(env)
+      env['sinatra.commonlogger'] ? @app.call(env) : super
+    end
+
+    superclass.class_eval do
+      alias call_without_check call unless method_defined? :call_without_check
+      def call(env)
+        env['sinatra.commonlogger'] = true
+        call_without_check(env)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NotFound < NameError #:nodoc:
+    def http_status; 404 end
+  end
+
+  # Methods available to routes, before/after filters, and views.
+  module Helpers
+    # Set or retrieve the response status code.
+    def status(value=nil)
+      response.status = value if value
+      response.status
+    end
+
+    # Set or retrieve the response body. When a block is given,
+    # evaluation is deferred until the body is read with #each.
+    def body(value=nil, &block)
+      if block_given?
+        def block.each; yield(call) end
+        response.body = block
+      elsif value
+        response.body = value
+      else
+        response.body
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Halt processing and redirect to the URI provided.
+    def redirect(uri, *args)
+      if env['HTTP_VERSION'] == 'HTTP/1.1' and env["REQUEST_METHOD"] != 'GET'
+        status 303
+      else
+        status 302
+      end
+
+      # According to RFC 2616 section 14.30, "the field value consists of a
+      # single absolute URI"
+      response['Location'] = uri(uri, settings.absolute_redirects?, settings.prefixed_redirects?)
+      halt(*args)
+    end
+
+    # Generates the absolute URI for a given path in the app.
+    # Takes Rack routers and reverse proxies into account.
+    def uri(addr = nil, absolute = true, add_script_name = true)
+      return addr if addr =~ /\A[A-z][A-z0-9\+\.\-]*:/
+      uri = [host = ""]
+      if absolute
+        host << "http#{'s' if request.secure?}://"
+        if request.forwarded? or request.port != (request.secure? ? 443 : 80)
+          host << request.host_with_port
+        else
+          host << request.host
+        end
+      end
+      uri << request.script_name.to_s if add_script_name
+      uri << (addr ? addr : request.path_info).to_s
+      File.join uri
+    end
+
+    alias url uri
+    alias to uri
+
+    # Halt processing and return the error status provided.
+    def error(code, body=nil)
+      code, body    = 500, code.to_str if code.respond_to? :to_str
+      response.body = body unless body.nil?
+      halt code
+    end
+
+    # Halt processing and return a 404 Not Found.
+    def not_found(body=nil)
+      error 404, body
+    end
+
+    # Set multiple response headers with Hash.
+    def headers(hash=nil)
+      response.headers.merge! hash if hash
+      response.headers
+    end
+
+    # Access the underlying Rack session.
+    def session
+      request.session
+    end
+
+    # Access shared logger object.
+    def logger
+      request.logger
+    end
+
+    # Look up a media type by file extension in Rack's mime registry.
+    def mime_type(type)
+      Base.mime_type(type)
+    end
+
+    # Set the Content-Type of the response body given a media type or file
+    # extension.
+    def content_type(type = nil, params={})
+      return response['Content-Type'] unless type
+      default = params.delete :default
+      mime_type = mime_type(type) || default
+      fail "Unknown media type: %p" % type if mime_type.nil?
+      mime_type = mime_type.dup
+      unless params.include? :charset or settings.add_charset.all? { |p| not p === mime_type }
+        params[:charset] = params.delete('charset') || settings.default_encoding
+      end
+      params.delete :charset if mime_type.include? 'charset'
+      unless params.empty?
+        mime_type << (mime_type.include?(';') ? ', ' : ';')
+        mime_type << params.map { |kv| kv.join('=') }.join(', ')
+      end
+      response['Content-Type'] = mime_type
+    end
+
+    # Set the Content-Disposition to "attachment" with the specified filename,
+    # instructing the user agents to prompt to save.
+    def attachment(filename=nil)
+      response['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment'
+      if filename
+        params = '; filename="%s"' % File.basename(filename)
+        response['Content-Disposition'] << params
+        ext = File.extname(filename)
+        content_type(ext) unless response['Content-Type'] or ext.empty?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Use the contents of the file at +path+ as the response body.
+    def send_file(path, opts={})
+      if opts[:type] or not response['Content-Type']
+        content_type opts[:type] || File.extname(path), :default => 'application/octet-stream'
+      end
+
+      if opts[:disposition] == 'attachment' || opts[:filename]
+        attachment opts[:filename] || path
+      elsif opts[:disposition] == 'inline'
+        response['Content-Disposition'] = 'inline'
+      end
+
+      last_modified opts[:last_modified] if opts[:last_modified]
+
+      file      = Rack::File.new nil
+      file.path = path
+      result    = file.serving env
+      result[1].each { |k,v| headers[k] ||= v }
+      headers['Content-Length'] = result[1]['Content-Length']
+      halt opts[:status] || result[0], result[2]
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      not_found
+    end
+
+    # Class of the response body in case you use #stream.
+    #
+    # Three things really matter: The front and back block (back being the
+    # blog generating content, front the one sending it to the client) and
+    # the scheduler, integrating with whatever concurrency feature the Rack
+    # handler is using.
+    #
+    # Scheduler has to respond to defer and schedule.
+    class Stream
+      def self.schedule(*) yield end
+      def self.defer(*)    yield end
+
+      def initialize(scheduler = self.class, keep_open = false, &back)
+        @back, @scheduler, @keep_open = back.to_proc, scheduler, keep_open
+        @callbacks, @closed = [], false
+      end
+
+      def close
+        return if @closed
+        @closed = true
+        @scheduler.schedule { @callbacks.each { |c| c.call }}
+      end
+
+      def each(&front)
+        @front = front
+        @scheduler.defer do
+          begin
+            @back.call(self)
+          rescue Exception => e
+            @scheduler.schedule { raise e }
+          end
+          close unless @keep_open
+        end
+      end
+
+      def <<(data)
+        @scheduler.schedule { @front.call(data.to_s) }
+        self
+      end
+
+      def callback(&block)
+        return yield if @closed
+        @callbacks << block
+      end
+
+      alias errback callback
+    end
+
+    # Allows to start sending data to the client even though later parts of
+    # the response body have not yet been generated.
+    #
+    # The close parameter specifies whether Stream#close should be called
+    # after the block has been executed. This is only relevant for evented
+    # servers like Thin or Rainbows.
+    def stream(keep_open = false)
+      scheduler = env['async.callback'] ? EventMachine : Stream
+      current   = @params.dup
+      body Stream.new(scheduler, keep_open) { |out| with_params(current) { yield(out) } }
+    end
+
+    # Specify response freshness policy for HTTP caches (Cache-Control header).
+    # Any number of non-value directives (:public, :private, :no_cache,
+    # :no_store, :must_revalidate, :proxy_revalidate) may be passed along with
+    # a Hash of value directives (:max_age, :min_stale, :s_max_age).
+    #
+    #   cache_control :public, :must_revalidate, :max_age => 60
+    #   => Cache-Control: public, must-revalidate, max-age=60
+    #
+    # See RFC 2616 / 14.9 for more on standard cache control directives:
+    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-14.9.1
+    def cache_control(*values)
+      if values.last.kind_of?(Hash)
+        hash = values.pop
+        hash.reject! { |k,v| v == false }
+        hash.reject! { |k,v| values << k if v == true }
+      else
+        hash = {}
+      end
+
+      values.map! { |value| value.to_s.tr('_','-') }
+      hash.each do |key, value|
+        key = key.to_s.tr('_', '-')
+        value = value.to_i if key == "max-age"
+        values << [key, value].join('=')
+      end
+
+      response['Cache-Control'] = values.join(', ') if values.any?
+    end
+
+    # Set the Expires header and Cache-Control/max-age directive. Amount
+    # can be an integer number of seconds in the future or a Time object
+    # indicating when the response should be considered "stale". The remaining
+    # "values" arguments are passed to the #cache_control helper:
+    #
+    #   expires 500, :public, :must_revalidate
+    #   => Cache-Control: public, must-revalidate, max-age=60
+    #   => Expires: Mon, 08 Jun 2009 08:50:17 GMT
+    #
+    def expires(amount, *values)
+      values << {} unless values.last.kind_of?(Hash)
+
+      if amount.is_a? Integer
+        time    = Time.now + amount.to_i
+        max_age = amount
+      else
+        time    = time_for amount
+        max_age = time - Time.now
+      end
+
+      values.last.merge!(:max_age => max_age)
+      cache_control(*values)
+
+      response['Expires'] = time.httpdate
+    end
+
+    # Set the last modified time of the resource (HTTP 'Last-Modified' header)
+    # and halt if conditional GET matches. The +time+ argument is a Time,
+    # DateTime, or other object that responds to +to_time+.
+    #
+    # When the current request includes an 'If-Modified-Since' header that is
+    # equal or later than the time specified, execution is immediately halted
+    # with a '304 Not Modified' response.
+    def last_modified(time)
+      return unless time
+      time = time_for time
+      response['Last-Modified'] = time.httpdate
+      return if env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']
+
+      if status == 200 and env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']
+        # compare based on seconds since epoch
+        since = Time.httpdate(env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']).to_i
+        halt 304 if since >= time.to_i
+      end
+
+      if (success? or status == 412) and env['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE']
+        # compare based on seconds since epoch
+        since = Time.httpdate(env['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE']).to_i
+        halt 412 if since < time.to_i
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError
+    end
+
+    # Set the response entity tag (HTTP 'ETag' header) and halt if conditional
+    # GET matches. The +value+ argument is an identifier that uniquely
+    # identifies the current version of the resource. The +kind+ argument
+    # indicates whether the etag should be used as a :strong (default) or :weak
+    # cache validator.
+    #
+    # When the current request includes an 'If-None-Match' header with a
+    # matching etag, execution is immediately halted. If the request method is
+    # GET or HEAD, a '304 Not Modified' response is sent.
+    def etag(value, options = {})
+      # Before touching this code, please double check RFC 2616 14.24 and 14.26.
+      options      = {:kind => options} unless Hash === options
+      kind         = options[:kind] || :strong
+      new_resource = options.fetch(:new_resource) { request.post? }
+
+      unless [:strong, :weak].include?(kind)
+        raise ArgumentError, ":strong or :weak expected"
+      end
+
+      value = '"%s"' % value
+      value = 'W/' + value if kind == :weak
+      response['ETag'] = value
+
+      if success? or status == 304
+        if etag_matches? env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'], new_resource
+          halt(request.safe? ? 304 : 412)
+        end
+
+        if env['HTTP_IF_MATCH']
+          halt 412 unless etag_matches? env['HTTP_IF_MATCH'], new_resource
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sugar for redirect (example:  redirect back)
+    def back
+      request.referer
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 1xx
+    def informational?
+      status.between? 100, 199
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 2xx
+    def success?
+      status.between? 200, 299
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 3xx
+    def redirect?
+      status.between? 300, 399
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 4xx
+    def client_error?
+      status.between? 400, 499
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 5xx
+    def server_error?
+      status.between? 500, 599
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 404
+    def not_found?
+      status == 404
+    end
+
+    # Generates a Time object from the given value.
+    # Used by #expires and #last_modified.
+    def time_for(value)
+      if value.respond_to? :to_time
+        value.to_time
+      elsif value.is_a? Time
+        value
+      elsif value.respond_to? :new_offset
+        # DateTime#to_time does the same on 1.9
+        d = value.new_offset 0
+        t = Time.utc d.year, d.mon, d.mday, d.hour, d.min, d.sec + d.sec_fraction
+        t.getlocal
+      elsif value.respond_to? :mday
+        # Date#to_time does the same on 1.9
+        Time.local(value.year, value.mon, value.mday)
+      elsif value.is_a? Numeric
+        Time.at value
+      else
+        Time.parse value.to_s
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError => boom
+      raise boom
+    rescue Exception
+      raise ArgumentError, "unable to convert #{value.inspect} to a Time object"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Helper method checking if a ETag value list includes the current ETag.
+    def etag_matches?(list, new_resource = request.post?)
+      return !new_resource if list == '*'
+      list.to_s.split(/\s*,\s*/).include? response['ETag']
+    end
+
+    def with_params(temp_params)
+      original, @params = @params, temp_params
+      yield
+    ensure
+      @params = original if original
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # Template rendering methods. Each method takes the name of a template
+  # to render as a Symbol and returns a String with the rendered output,
+  # as well as an optional hash with additional options.
+  #
+  # `template` is either the name or path of the template as symbol
+  # (Use `:'subdir/myview'` for views in subdirectories), or a string
+  # that will be rendered.
+  #
+  # Possible options are:
+  #   :content_type   The content type to use, same arguments as content_type.
+  #   :layout         If set to false, no layout is rendered, otherwise
+  #                   the specified layout is used (Ignored for `sass` and `less`)
+  #   :layout_engine  Engine to use for rendering the layout.
+  #   :locals         A hash with local variables that should be available
+  #                   in the template
+  #   :scope          If set, template is evaluate with the binding of the given
+  #                   object rather than the application instance.
+  #   :views          Views directory to use.
+  module Templates
+    module ContentTyped
+      attr_accessor :content_type
+    end
+
+    def initialize
+      super
+      @default_layout = :layout
+    end
+
+    def erb(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :erb, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def erubis(template, options={}, locals={})
+      warn "Sinatra::Templates#erubis is deprecated and will be removed, use #erb instead.\n" \
+        "If you have Erubis installed, it will be used automatically."
+      render :erubis, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def haml(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :haml, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def sass(template, options={}, locals={})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :css
+      render :sass, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def scss(template, options={}, locals={})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :css
+      render :scss, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def less(template, options={}, locals={})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :css
+      render :less, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def builder(template=nil, options={}, locals={}, &block)
+      options[:default_content_type] = :xml
+      render_ruby(:builder, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def liquid(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :liquid, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def markdown(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :markdown, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def textile(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :textile, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def rdoc(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :rdoc, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def radius(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :radius, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def markaby(template=nil, options={}, locals={}, &block)
+      render_ruby(:mab, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def coffee(template, options={}, locals={})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :js
+      render :coffee, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def nokogiri(template=nil, options={}, locals={}, &block)
+      options[:default_content_type] = :xml
+      render_ruby(:nokogiri, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def slim(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :slim, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def creole(template, options={}, locals={})
+      render :creole, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def yajl(template, options={}, locals={})
+      options[:default_content_type] = :json
+      render :yajl, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    # Calls the given block for every possible template file in views,
+    # named name.ext, where ext is registered on engine.
+    def find_template(views, name, engine)
+      yield ::File.join(views, "#{name}.#{@preferred_extension}")
+      Tilt.mappings.each do |ext, engines|
+        next unless ext != @preferred_extension and engines.include? engine
+        yield ::File.join(views, "#{name}.#{ext}")
+      end
+    end
+
+  private
+    # logic shared between builder and nokogiri
+    def render_ruby(engine, template, options={}, locals={}, &block)
+      options, template = template, nil if template.is_a?(Hash)
+      template = Proc.new { block } if template.nil?
+      render engine, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def render(engine, data, options={}, locals={}, &block)
+      # merge app-level options
+      options = settings.send(engine).merge(options) if settings.respond_to?(engine)
+      options[:outvar]           ||= '@_out_buf'
+      options[:default_encoding] ||= settings.default_encoding
+
+      # extract generic options
+      locals          = options.delete(:locals) || locals         || {}
+      views           = options.delete(:views)  || settings.views || "./views"
+      layout          = options.delete(:layout)
+      eat_errors      = layout.nil?
+      layout          = @default_layout if layout.nil? or layout == true
+      content_type    = options.delete(:content_type)  || options.delete(:default_content_type)
+      layout_engine   = options.delete(:layout_engine) || engine
+      scope           = options.delete(:scope)         || self
+
+      # compile and render template
+      begin
+        layout_was      = @default_layout
+        @default_layout = false
+        template        = compile_template(engine, data, options, views)
+        output          = template.render(scope, locals, &block)
+      ensure
+        @default_layout = layout_was
+      end
+
+      # render layout
+      if layout
+        options = options.merge(:views => views, :layout => false, :eat_errors => eat_errors, :scope => scope)
+        catch(:layout_missing) { return render(layout_engine, layout, options, locals) { output } }
+      end
+
+      output.extend(ContentTyped).content_type = content_type if content_type
+      output
+    end
+
+    def compile_template(engine, data, options, views)
+      eat_errors = options.delete :eat_errors
+      template_cache.fetch engine, data, options do
+        template = Tilt[engine]
+        raise "Template engine not found: #{engine}" if template.nil?
+
+        case data
+        when Symbol
+          body, path, line = settings.templates[data]
+          if body
+            body = body.call if body.respond_to?(:call)
+            template.new(path, line.to_i, options) { body }
+          else
+            found = false
+            @preferred_extension = engine.to_s
+            find_template(views, data, template) do |file|
+              path ||= file # keep the initial path rather than the last one
+              if found = File.exists?(file)
+                path = file
+                break
+              end
+            end
+            throw :layout_missing if eat_errors and not found
+            template.new(path, 1, options)
+          end
+        when Proc, String
+          body = data.is_a?(String) ? Proc.new { data } : data
+          path, line = settings.caller_locations.first
+          template.new(path, line.to_i, options, &body)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Sorry, don't know how to render #{data.inspect}."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Base class for all Sinatra applications and middleware.
+  class Base
+    include Rack::Utils
+    include Helpers
+    include Templates
+
+    attr_accessor :app
+    attr_reader   :template_cache
+
+    def initialize(app=nil)
+      super()
+      @app = app
+      @template_cache = Tilt::Cache.new
+      yield self if block_given?
+    end
+
+    # Rack call interface.
+    def call(env)
+      dup.call!(env)
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :env, :request, :response, :params
+
+    def call!(env) # :nodoc:
+      @env      = env
+      @request  = Request.new(env)
+      @response = Response.new
+      @params   = indifferent_params(@request.params)
+      template_cache.clear if settings.reload_templates
+      force_encoding(@params)
+
+      @response['Content-Type'] = nil
+      invoke { dispatch! }
+      invoke { error_block!(response.status) }
+
+      unless @response['Content-Type']
+        if Array === body and body[0].respond_to? :content_type
+          content_type body[0].content_type
+        else
+          content_type :html
+        end
+      end
+
+      @response.finish
+    end
+
+    # Access settings defined with Base.set.
+    def self.settings
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Access settings defined with Base.set.
+    def settings
+      self.class.settings
+    end
+
+    def options
+      warn "Sinatra::Base#options is deprecated and will be removed, " \
+        "use #settings instead."
+      settings
+    end
+
+    # Exit the current block, halts any further processing
+    # of the request, and returns the specified response.
+    def halt(*response)
+      response = response.first if response.length == 1
+      throw :halt, response
+    end
+
+    # Pass control to the next matching route.
+    # If there are no more matching routes, Sinatra will
+    # return a 404 response.
+    def pass(&block)
+      throw :pass, block
+    end
+
+    # Forward the request to the downstream app -- middleware only.
+    def forward
+      fail "downstream app not set" unless @app.respond_to? :call
+      status, headers, body = @app.call env
+      @response.status = status
+      @response.body = body
+      @response.headers.merge! headers
+      nil
+    end
+
+  private
+    # Run filters defined on the class and all superclasses.
+    def filter!(type, base = settings)
+      filter! type, base.superclass if base.superclass.respond_to?(:filters)
+      base.filters[type].each { |args| process_route(*args) }
+    end
+
+    # Run routes defined on the class and all superclasses.
+    def route!(base = settings, pass_block=nil)
+      if routes = base.routes[@request.request_method]
+        routes.each do |pattern, keys, conditions, block|
+          pass_block = process_route(pattern, keys, conditions) do |*args|
+            route_eval { block[*args] }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Run routes defined in superclass.
+      if base.superclass.respond_to?(:routes)
+        return route!(base.superclass, pass_block)
+      end
+
+      route_eval(&pass_block) if pass_block
+      route_missing
+    end
+
+    # Run a route block and throw :halt with the result.
+    def route_eval
+      throw :halt, yield
+    end
+
+    # If the current request matches pattern and conditions, fill params
+    # with keys and call the given block.
+    # Revert params afterwards.
+    #
+    # Returns pass block.
+    def process_route(pattern, keys, conditions, block = nil, values = [])
+      route = @request.path_info
+      route = '/' if route.empty? and not settings.empty_path_info?
+      return unless match = pattern.match(route)
+      values += match.captures.to_a.map { |v| force_encoding URI.decode_www_form_component(v) if v }
+
+      if values.any?
+        original, @params = params, params.merge('splat' => [], 'captures' => values)
+        keys.zip(values) { |k,v| Array === @params[k] ? @params[k] << v : @params[k] = v if v }
+      end
+
+      catch(:pass) do
+        conditions.each { |c| throw :pass if c.bind(self).call == false }
+        block ? block[self, values] : yield(self, values)
+      end
+    ensure
+      @params = original if original
+    end
+
+    # No matching route was found or all routes passed. The default
+    # implementation is to forward the request downstream when running
+    # as middleware (@app is non-nil); when no downstream app is set, raise
+    # a NotFound exception. Subclasses can override this method to perform
+    # custom route miss logic.
+    def route_missing
+      if @app
+        forward
+      else
+        raise NotFound
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Attempt to serve static files from public directory. Throws :halt when
+    # a matching file is found, returns nil otherwise.
+    def static!
+      return if (public_dir = settings.public_folder).nil?
+      public_dir = File.expand_path(public_dir)
+
+      path = File.expand_path(public_dir + unescape(request.path_info))
+      return unless path.start_with?(public_dir) and File.file?(path)
+
+      env['sinatra.static_file'] = path
+      cache_control(*settings.static_cache_control) if settings.static_cache_control?
+      send_file path, :disposition => nil
+    end
+
+    # Enable string or symbol key access to the nested params hash.
+    def indifferent_params(object)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        new_hash = indifferent_hash
+        object.each { |key, value| new_hash[key] = indifferent_params(value) }
+        new_hash
+      when Array
+        object.map { |item| indifferent_params(item) }
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates a Hash with indifferent access.
+    def indifferent_hash
+      Hash.new {|hash,key| hash[key.to_s] if Symbol === key }
+    end
+
+    # Run the block with 'throw :halt' support and apply result to the response.
+    def invoke
+      res = catch(:halt) { yield }
+      res = [res] if Fixnum === res or String === res
+      if Array === res and Fixnum === res.first
+        status(res.shift)
+        body(res.pop)
+        headers(*res)
+      elsif res.respond_to? :each
+        body res
+      end
+      nil # avoid double setting the same response tuple twice
+    end
+
+    # Dispatch a request with error handling.
+    def dispatch!
+      invoke do
+        static! if settings.static? && (request.get? || request.head?)
+        filter! :before
+        route!
+      end
+    rescue ::Exception => boom
+      invoke { handle_exception!(boom) }
+    ensure
+      filter! :after unless env['sinatra.static_file']
+    end
+
+    # Error handling during requests.
+    def handle_exception!(boom)
+      @env['sinatra.error'] = boom
+
+      if boom.respond_to? :http_status
+        status(boom.http_status)
+      elsif settings.use_code? and boom.respond_to? :code and boom.code.between? 400, 599
+        status(boom.code)
+      else
+        status(500)
+      end
+
+      status(500) unless status.between? 400, 599
+
+      if server_error?
+        dump_errors! boom if settings.dump_errors?
+        raise boom if settings.show_exceptions? and settings.show_exceptions != :after_handler
+      end
+
+      if not_found?
+        headers['X-Cascade'] = 'pass'
+        body '<h1>Not Found</h1>'
+      end
+
+      res = error_block!(boom.class, boom) || error_block!(status, boom)
+      return res if res or not server_error?
+      raise boom if settings.raise_errors? or settings.show_exceptions?
+      error_block! Exception, boom
+    end
+
+    # Find an custom error block for the key(s) specified.
+    def error_block!(key, *block_params)
+      base = settings
+      while base.respond_to?(:errors)
+        next base = base.superclass unless args_array = base.errors[key]
+        args_array.reverse_each do |args|
+          first = args == args_array.first
+          args += [block_params]
+          resp = process_route(*args)
+          return resp unless resp.nil? && !first
+        end
+      end
+      return false unless key.respond_to? :superclass and key.superclass < Exception
+      error_block!(key.superclass, *block_params)
+    end
+
+    def dump_errors!(boom)
+      msg = ["#{boom.class} - #{boom.message}:", *boom.backtrace].join("\n\t")
+      @env['rack.errors'].puts(msg)
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      attr_reader :routes, :filters, :templates, :errors
+
+      # Removes all routes, filters, middleware and extension hooks from the
+      # current class (not routes/filters/... defined by its superclass).
+      def reset!
+        @conditions     = []
+        @routes         = {}
+        @filters        = {:before => [], :after => []}
+        @errors         = {}
+        @middleware     = []
+        @prototype      = nil
+        @extensions     = []
+
+        if superclass.respond_to?(:templates)
+          @templates = Hash.new { |hash,key| superclass.templates[key] }
+        else
+          @templates = {}
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Extension modules registered on this class and all superclasses.
+      def extensions
+        if superclass.respond_to?(:extensions)
+          (@extensions + superclass.extensions).uniq
+        else
+          @extensions
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Middleware used in this class and all superclasses.
+      def middleware
+        if superclass.respond_to?(:middleware)
+          superclass.middleware + @middleware
+        else
+          @middleware
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Sets an option to the given value.  If the value is a proc,
+      # the proc will be called every time the option is accessed.
+      def set(option, value = (not_set = true), ignore_setter = false, &block)
+        raise ArgumentError if block and !not_set
+        value, not_set = block, false if block
+
+        if not_set
+          raise ArgumentError unless option.respond_to?(:each)
+          option.each { |k,v| set(k, v) }
+          return self
+        end
+
+        if respond_to?("#{option}=") and not ignore_setter
+          return __send__("#{option}=", value)
+        end
+
+        setter = proc { |val| set option, val, true }
+        getter = proc { value }
+
+        case value
+        when Proc
+          getter = value
+        when Symbol, Fixnum, FalseClass, TrueClass, NilClass
+          getter = value.inspect
+        when Hash
+          setter = proc do |val|
+            val = value.merge val if Hash === val
+            set option, val, true
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_singleton_method("#{option}=", setter) if setter
+        define_singleton_method(option, getter) if getter
+        define_singleton_method("#{option}?", "!!#{option}") unless method_defined? "#{option}?"
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Same as calling `set :option, true` for each of the given options.
+      def enable(*opts)
+        opts.each { |key| set(key, true) }
+      end
+
+      # Same as calling `set :option, false` for each of the given options.
+      def disable(*opts)
+        opts.each { |key| set(key, false) }
+      end
+
+      # Define a custom error handler. Optionally takes either an Exception
+      # class, or an HTTP status code to specify which errors should be
+      # handled.
+      def error(*codes, &block)
+        args  = compile! "ERROR", //, block
+        codes = codes.map { |c| Array(c) }.flatten
+        codes << Exception if codes.empty?
+        codes.each { |c| (@errors[c] ||= []) << args }
+      end
+
+      # Sugar for `error(404) { ... }`
+      def not_found(&block)
+        error 404, &block
+      end
+
+      # Define a named template. The block must return the template source.
+      def template(name, &block)
+        filename, line = caller_locations.first
+        templates[name] = [block, filename, line.to_i]
+      end
+
+      # Define the layout template. The block must return the template source.
+      def layout(name=:layout, &block)
+        template name, &block
+      end
+
+      # Load embeded templates from the file; uses the caller's __FILE__
+      # when no file is specified.
+      def inline_templates=(file=nil)
+        file = (file.nil? || file == true) ? (caller_files.first || File.expand_path($0)) : file
+
+        begin
+          io = ::IO.respond_to?(:binread) ? ::IO.binread(file) : ::IO.read(file)
+          app, data = io.gsub("\r\n", "\n").split(/^__END__$/, 2)
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          app, data = nil
+        end
+
+        if data
+          if app and app =~ /([^\n]*\n)?#[^\n]*coding: *(\S+)/m
+            encoding = $2
+          else
+            encoding = settings.default_encoding
+          end
+          lines = app.count("\n") + 1
+          template = nil
+          force_encoding data, encoding
+          data.each_line do |line|
+            lines += 1
+            if line =~ /^@@\s*(.*\S)\s*$/
+              template = force_encoding('', encoding)
+              templates[$1.to_sym] = [template, file, lines]
+            elsif template
+              template << line
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Lookup or register a mime type in Rack's mime registry.
+      def mime_type(type, value=nil)
+        return type if type.nil? || type.to_s.include?('/')
+        type = ".#{type}" unless type.to_s[0] == ?.
+        return Rack::Mime.mime_type(type, nil) unless value
+        Rack::Mime::MIME_TYPES[type] = value
+      end
+
+      # provides all mime types matching type, including deprecated types:
+      #   mime_types :html # => ['text/html']
+      #   mime_types :js   # => ['application/javascript', 'text/javascript']
+      def mime_types(type)
+        type = mime_type type
+        type =~ /^application\/(xml|javascript)$/ ? [type, "text/#$1"] : [type]
+      end
+
+      # Define a before filter; runs before all requests within the same
+      # context as route handlers and may access/modify the request and
+      # response.
+      def before(path = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        add_filter(:before, path, options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Define an after filter; runs after all requests within the same
+      # context as route handlers and may access/modify the request and
+      # response.
+      def after(path = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        add_filter(:after, path, options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # add a filter
+      def add_filter(type, path = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        path, options = //, path if path.respond_to?(:each_pair)
+        filters[type] << compile!(type, path || //, block, options)
+      end
+
+      # Add a route condition. The route is considered non-matching when the
+      # block returns false.
+      def condition(name = "#{caller.first[/`.*'/]} condition", &block)
+        @conditions << generate_method(name, &block)
+      end
+
+      def public=(value)
+        warn ":public is no longer used to avoid overloading Module#public, use :public_dir instead"
+        set(:public_folder, value)
+      end
+
+      def public_dir=(value)
+        self.public_folder = value
+      end
+
+      def public_dir
+        public_folder
+      end
+
+    private
+      # Dynamically defines a method on settings.
+      def define_singleton_method(name, content = Proc.new)
+        # replace with call to singleton_class once we're 1.9 only
+        (class << self; self; end).class_eval do
+          undef_method(name) if method_defined? name
+          String === content ? class_eval("def #{name}() #{content}; end") : define_method(name, &content)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Condition for matching host name. Parameter might be String or Regexp.
+      def host_name(pattern)
+        condition { pattern === request.host }
+      end
+
+      # Condition for matching user agent. Parameter should be Regexp.
+      # Will set params[:agent].
+      def user_agent(pattern)
+        condition do
+          if request.user_agent.to_s =~ pattern
+            @params[:agent] = $~[1..-1]
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method :agent, :user_agent
+
+      # Condition for matching mimetypes. Accepts file extensions.
+      def provides(*types)
+        types.map! { |t| mime_types(t) }
+        types.flatten!
+        condition do
+          if type = response['Content-Type']
+            types.include? type or types.include? type[/^[^;]+/]
+          elsif type = request.preferred_type(types)
+            content_type(type)
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+    public
+      # Defining a `GET` handler also automatically defines
+      # a `HEAD` handler.
+      def get(path, opts={}, &block)
+        conditions = @conditions.dup
+        route('GET', path, opts, &block)
+
+        @conditions = conditions
+        route('HEAD', path, opts, &block)
+      end
+
+      def put(path, opts={}, &bk)     route 'PUT',     path, opts, &bk end
+      def post(path, opts={}, &bk)    route 'POST',    path, opts, &bk end
+      def delete(path, opts={}, &bk)  route 'DELETE',  path, opts, &bk end
+      def head(path, opts={}, &bk)    route 'HEAD',    path, opts, &bk end
+      def options(path, opts={}, &bk) route 'OPTIONS', path, opts, &bk end
+      def patch(path, opts={}, &bk)   route 'PATCH',   path, opts, &bk end
+
+    private
+      def route(verb, path, options={}, &block)
+        # Because of self.options.host
+        host_name(options.delete(:host)) if options.key?(:host)
+        enable :empty_path_info if path == "" and empty_path_info.nil?
+        signature = compile!(verb, path, block, options)
+        (@routes[verb] ||= []) << signature
+        invoke_hook(:route_added, verb, path, block)
+        signature
+      end
+
+      def invoke_hook(name, *args)
+        extensions.each { |e| e.send(name, *args) if e.respond_to?(name) }
+      end
+
+      def generate_method(method_name, &block)
+        define_method(method_name, &block)
+        method = instance_method method_name
+        remove_method method_name
+        method
+      end
+
+      def compile!(verb, path, block, options = {})
+        options.each_pair { |option, args| send(option, *args) }
+        method_name             = "#{verb} #{path}"
+        unbound_method          = generate_method(method_name, &block)
+        pattern, keys           = compile path
+        conditions, @conditions = @conditions, []
+
+        [ pattern, keys, conditions, block.arity != 0 ?
+            proc { |a,p| unbound_method.bind(a).call(*p) } :
+            proc { |a,p| unbound_method.bind(a).call } ]
+      end
+
+      def compile(path)
+        keys = []
+        if path.respond_to? :to_str
+          pattern = path.to_str.gsub(/[^\?\%\\\/\:\*\w]/) { |c| encoded(c) }
+          pattern.gsub!(/((:\w+)|\*)/) do |match|
+            if match == "*"
+              keys << 'splat'
+              "(.*?)"
+            else
+              keys << $2[1..-1]
+              "([^/?#]+)"
+            end
+          end
+          [/^#{pattern}$/, keys]
+        elsif path.respond_to?(:keys) && path.respond_to?(:match)
+          [path, path.keys]
+        elsif path.respond_to?(:names) && path.respond_to?(:match)
+          [path, path.names]
+        elsif path.respond_to? :match
+          [path, keys]
+        else
+          raise TypeError, path
+        end
+      end
+
+      URI = ::URI.const_defined?(:Parser) ? ::URI::Parser.new : ::URI
+
+      def encoded(char)
+        enc = URI.escape(char)
+        enc = "(?:#{Regexp.escape enc}|#{URI.escape char, /./})" if enc == char
+        enc = "(?:#{enc}|#{encoded('+')})" if char == " "
+        enc
+      end
+
+    public
+      # Makes the methods defined in the block and in the Modules given
+      # in `extensions` available to the handlers and templates
+      def helpers(*extensions, &block)
+        class_eval(&block)   if block_given?
+        include(*extensions) if extensions.any?
+      end
+
+      # Register an extension. Alternatively take a block from which an
+      # extension will be created and registered on the fly.
+      def register(*extensions, &block)
+        extensions << Module.new(&block) if block_given?
+        @extensions += extensions
+        extensions.each do |extension|
+          extend extension
+          extension.registered(self) if extension.respond_to?(:registered)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def development?; environment == :development end
+      def production?;  environment == :production  end
+      def test?;        environment == :test        end
+
+      # Set configuration options for Sinatra and/or the app.
+      # Allows scoping of settings for certain environments.
+      def configure(*envs, &block)
+        yield self if envs.empty? || envs.include?(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
+      # Use the specified Rack middleware
+      def use(middleware, *args, &block)
+        @prototype = nil
+        @middleware << [middleware, args, block]
+      end
+
+      def quit!(server, handler_name)
+        # Use Thin's hard #stop! if available, otherwise just #stop.
+        server.respond_to?(:stop!) ? server.stop! : server.stop
+        $stderr.puts "\n== Sinatra has ended his set (crowd applauds)" unless handler_name =~/cgi/i
+      end
+
+      # Run the Sinatra app as a self-hosted server using
+      # Thin, Puma, Mongrel, or WEBrick (in that order). If given a block, will call
+      # with the constructed handler once we have taken the stage.
+      def run!(options={})
+        set options
+        handler         = detect_rack_handler
+        handler_name    = handler.name.gsub(/.*::/, '')
+        server_settings = settings.respond_to?(:server_settings) ? settings.server_settings : {}
+        handler.run self, server_settings.merge(:Port => port, :Host => bind) do |server|
+          unless handler_name =~ /cgi/i
+            $stderr.puts "== Sinatra/#{Sinatra::VERSION} has taken the stage " +
+            "on #{port} for #{environment} with backup from #{handler_name}"
+          end
+          [:INT, :TERM].each { |sig| trap(sig) { quit!(server, handler_name) } }
+          server.threaded = settings.threaded if server.respond_to? :threaded=
+          set :running, true
+          yield server if block_given?
+        end
+      rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE
+        $stderr.puts "== Someone is already performing on port #{port}!"
+      end
+
+      # The prototype instance used to process requests.
+      def prototype
+        @prototype ||= new
+      end
+
+      # Create a new instance without middleware in front of it.
+      alias new! new unless method_defined? :new!
+
+      # Create a new instance of the class fronted by its middleware
+      # pipeline. The object is guaranteed to respond to #call but may not be
+      # an instance of the class new was called on.
+      def new(*args, &bk)
+        instance = new!(*args, &bk)
+        Wrapper.new(build(instance).to_app, instance)
+      end
+
+      # Creates a Rack::Builder instance with all the middleware set up and
+      # the given +app+ as end point.
+      def build(app)
+        builder = Rack::Builder.new
+        setup_default_middleware builder
+        setup_middleware builder
+        builder.run app
+        builder
+      end
+
+      def call(env)
+        synchronize { prototype.call(env) }
+      end
+
+    private
+      def setup_default_middleware(builder)
+        builder.use ExtendedRack
+        builder.use ShowExceptions       if show_exceptions?
+        builder.use Rack::MethodOverride if method_override?
+        builder.use Rack::Head
+        setup_logging    builder
+        setup_sessions   builder
+        setup_protection builder
+      end
+
+      def setup_middleware(builder)
+        middleware.each { |c,a,b| builder.use(c, *a, &b) }
+      end
+
+      def setup_logging(builder)
+        if logging?
+          setup_common_logger(builder)
+          setup_custom_logger(builder)
+        elsif logging == false
+          setup_null_logger(builder)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_null_logger(builder)
+        builder.use Rack::NullLogger
+      end
+
+      def setup_common_logger(builder)
+        builder.use Sinatra::CommonLogger
+      end
+
+      def setup_custom_logger(builder)
+        if logging.respond_to? :to_int
+          builder.use Rack::Logger, logging
+        else
+          builder.use Rack::Logger
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_protection(builder)
+        return unless protection?
+        options = Hash === protection ? protection.dup : {}
+        options[:except] = Array options[:except]
+        options[:except] += [:session_hijacking, :remote_token] unless sessions?
+        options[:reaction] ||= :drop_session
+        builder.use Rack::Protection, options
+      end
+
+      def setup_sessions(builder)
+        return unless sessions?
+        options = {}
+        options[:secret] = session_secret if session_secret?
+        options.merge! sessions.to_hash if sessions.respond_to? :to_hash
+        builder.use Rack::Session::Cookie, options
+      end
+
+      def detect_rack_handler
+        servers = Array(server)
+        servers.each do |server_name|
+          begin
+            return Rack::Handler.get(server_name.to_s)
+          rescue LoadError, NameError
+          end
+        end
+        fail "Server handler (#{servers.join(',')}) not found."
+      end
+
+      def inherited(subclass)
+        subclass.reset!
+        subclass.set :app_file, caller_files.first unless subclass.app_file?
+        super
+      end
+
+      @@mutex = Mutex.new
+      def synchronize(&block)
+        if lock?
+          @@mutex.synchronize(&block)
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+    public
+      CALLERS_TO_IGNORE = [ # :nodoc:
+        /\/sinatra(\/(base|main|showexceptions))?\.rb$/, # all sinatra code
+        /lib\/tilt.*\.rb$/,                              # all tilt code
+        /^\(.*\)$/,                                      # generated code
+        /rubygems\/custom_require\.rb$/,                 # rubygems require hacks
+        /active_support/,                                # active_support require hacks
+        /bundler(\/runtime)?\.rb/,                       # bundler require hacks
+        /<internal:/,                                    # internal in ruby >= 1.9.2
+        /src\/kernel\/bootstrap\/[A-Z]/                  # maglev kernel files
+      ]
+
+      # contrary to what the comment said previously, rubinius never supported this
+      if defined?(RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS)
+        warn "RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS is deprecated and will no longer be supported by Sinatra 2.0"
+        CALLERS_TO_IGNORE.concat(RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS)
+      end
+
+      # Like Kernel#caller but excluding certain magic entries and without
+      # line / method information; the resulting array contains filenames only.
+      def caller_files
+        cleaned_caller(1).flatten
+      end
+
+      # Like caller_files, but containing Arrays rather than strings with the
+      # first element being the file, and the second being the line.
+      def caller_locations
+        cleaned_caller 2
+      end
+
+    private
+      # used for deprecation warnings
+      def warn(message)
+        super message + "\n\tfrom #{cleaned_caller.first.join(':')}"
+      end
+
+      # Like Kernel#caller but excluding certain magic entries
+      def cleaned_caller(keep = 3)
+        caller(1).
+          map    { |line| line.split(/:(?=\d|in )/, 3)[0,keep] }.
+          reject { |file, *_| CALLERS_TO_IGNORE.any? { |pattern| file =~ pattern } }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Fixes encoding issues by
+    # * defaulting to UTF-8
+    # * casting params to Encoding.default_external
+    #
+    # The latter might not be necessary if Rack handles it one day.
+    # Keep an eye on Rack's LH #100.
+    def force_encoding(*args) settings.force_encoding(*args) end
+    if defined? Encoding
+      def self.force_encoding(data, encoding = default_encoding)
+        return if data == settings || data.is_a?(Tempfile)
+        if data.respond_to? :force_encoding
+          data.force_encoding(encoding).encode!
+        elsif data.respond_to? :each_value
+          data.each_value { |v| force_encoding(v, encoding) }
+        elsif data.respond_to? :each
+          data.each { |v| force_encoding(v, encoding) }
+        end
+        data
+      end
+    else
+      def self.force_encoding(data, *) data end
+    end
+
+    reset!
+
+    set :environment, (ENV['RACK_ENV'] || :development).to_sym
+    set :raise_errors, Proc.new { test? }
+    set :dump_errors, Proc.new { !test? }
+    set :show_exceptions, Proc.new { development? }
+    set :sessions, false
+    set :logging, false
+    set :protection, true
+    set :method_override, false
+    set :use_code, false
+    set :default_encoding, "utf-8"
+    set :add_charset, %w[javascript xml xhtml+xml json].map { |t| "application/#{t}" }
+    settings.add_charset << /^text\//
+
+    # explicitly generating a session secret eagerly to play nice with preforking
+    begin
+      require 'securerandom'
+      set :session_secret, SecureRandom.hex(64)
+    rescue LoadError, NotImplementedError
+      # SecureRandom raises a NotImplementedError if no random device is available
+      set :session_secret, "%064x" % Kernel.rand(2**256-1)
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      alias_method :methodoverride?, :method_override?
+      alias_method :methodoverride=, :method_override=
+    end
+
+    set :run, false                       # start server via at-exit hook?
+    set :running, false                   # is the built-in server running now?
+    set :server, %w[http webrick]
+    set :bind, '0.0.0.0'
+    set :port, 4567
+
+    ruby_engine = defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) && RUBY_ENGINE
+
+    if ruby_engine == 'macruby'
+      server.unshift 'controll_tower'
+    else
+      server.unshift 'mongrel'  if ruby_engine.nil?
+      server.unshift 'puma'     if ruby_engine != 'rbx'
+      server.unshift 'thin'     if ruby_engine != 'jruby'
+      server.unshift 'puma'     if ruby_engine == 'rbx'
+      server.unshift 'trinidad' if ruby_engine =='jruby'
+    end
+
+    set :absolute_redirects, true
+    set :prefixed_redirects, false
+    set :empty_path_info, nil
+
+    set :app_file, nil
+    set :root, Proc.new { app_file && File.expand_path(File.dirname(app_file)) }
+    set :views, Proc.new { root && File.join(root, 'views') }
+    set :reload_templates, Proc.new { development? }
+    set :lock, false
+    set :threaded, true
+
+    set :public_folder, Proc.new { root && File.join(root, 'public') }
+    set :static, Proc.new { public_folder && File.exist?(public_folder) }
+    set :static_cache_control, false
+
+    error ::Exception do
+      response.status = 500
+      content_type 'text/html'
+      '<h1>Internal Server Error</h1>'
+    end
+
+    configure :development do
+      get '/__sinatra__/:image.png' do
+        filename = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/images/#{params[:image]}.png"
+        content_type :png
+        send_file filename
+      end
+
+      error NotFound do
+        content_type 'text/html'
+
+        (<<-HTML).gsub(/^ {8}/, '')
+        <!DOCTYPE html>
+        <html>
+        <head>
+          <style type="text/css">
+          body { text-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:22px;
+            color:#888;margin:20px}
+          #c {margin:0 auto;width:500px;text-align:left}
+          </style>
+        </head>
+        <body>
+          <h2>Sinatra doesn&rsquo;t know this ditty.</h2>
+          <img src='#{uri "/__sinatra__/404.png"}'>
+          <div id="c">
+            Try this:
+            <pre>#{request.request_method.downcase} '#{request.path_info}' do\n  "Hello World"\nend</pre>
+          </div>
+        </body>
+        </html>
+        HTML
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Execution context for classic style (top-level) applications. All
+  # DSL methods executed on main are delegated to this class.
+  #
+  # The Application class should not be subclassed, unless you want to
+  # inherit all settings, routes, handlers, and error pages from the
+  # top-level. Subclassing Sinatra::Base is highly recommended for
+  # modular applications.
+  class Application < Base
+    set :logging, Proc.new { ! test? }
+    set :method_override, true
+    set :run, Proc.new { ! test? }
+    set :session_secret, Proc.new { super() unless development? }
+    set :app_file, nil
+
+    def self.register(*extensions, &block) #:nodoc:
+      added_methods = extensions.map {|m| m.public_instance_methods }.flatten
+      Delegator.delegate(*added_methods)
+      super(*extensions, &block)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Sinatra delegation mixin. Mixing this module into an object causes all
+  # methods to be delegated to the Sinatra::Application class. Used primarily
+  # at the top-level.
+  module Delegator #:nodoc:
+    def self.delegate(*methods)
+      methods.each do |method_name|
+        define_method(method_name) do |*args, &block|
+          return super(*args, &block) if respond_to? method_name
+          Delegator.target.send(method_name, *args, &block)
+        end
+        private method_name
+      end
+    end
+
+    delegate :get, :patch, :put, :post, :delete, :head, :options, :template, :layout,
+             :before, :after, :error, :not_found, :configure, :set, :mime_type,
+             :enable, :disable, :use, :development?, :test?, :production?,
+             :helpers, :settings
+
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :target
+    end
+
+    self.target = Application
+  end
+
+  class Wrapper
+    def initialize(stack, instance)
+      @stack, @instance = stack, instance
+    end
+
+    def settings
+      @instance.settings
+    end
+
+    def helpers
+      @instance
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      @stack.call(env)
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{@instance.class} app_file=#{settings.app_file.inspect}>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Create a new Sinatra application. The block is evaluated in the new app's
+  # class scope.
+  def self.new(base=Base, options={}, &block)
+    base = Class.new(base)
+    base.class_eval(&block) if block_given?
+    base
+  end
+
+  # Extend the top-level DSL with the modules provided.
+  def self.register(*extensions, &block)
+    Delegator.target.register(*extensions, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Include the helper modules provided in Sinatra's request context.
+  def self.helpers(*extensions, &block)
+    Delegator.target.helpers(*extensions, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Use the middleware for classic applications.
+  def self.use(*args, &block)
+    Delegator.target.use(*args, &block)
+  end
+end
diff --git a/samples/Ruby/wrong_shebang.rb b/samples/Ruby/wrong_shebang.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22b4804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Ruby/wrong_shebang.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+puts "Not Python"